In re Genesis Glob. Holdco

Full title: In re GENESIS GLOBAL HOLDCO, LLC, et al. Debtors.

Court: United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York

Date published: Aug 4, 2023

652 B.R. 618 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2023)

Opinion

Case No. 23-10063 (SHL) (Jointly Administered)

2023-08-04

IN RE GENESIS GLOBAL HOLDCO, LLC, et al. Debtors.

CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP, Counsel for the Debtors, One Liberty Plaza, New York, New York 10006, By: Sean A. O'Neal, Esq., Jane VanLare, Esq., Hoori Kim, Esq. WHITE & CASE LLP, Counsel for the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020, By: J. Christopher Shore, Esq., Philip Abelson, Esq., David Turetsky, Esq., Michele J. Meises, Esq., 111 South Wacker Drive, Suite 5100, Chicago, Illinois 60606-4302, By: Gregory F. Pesce, Esq. WILLIAM K. HARRINGTON, United States Trustee, Office of the United States Trustee, Alexander Hamilton Custom House, One Bowling Green, Suite 515, New York, New York 10004, By: Greg Zipes, Esq., Benjamin Teich, Esq., Tara Tiantian, Esq. PROSKAUER ROSE LLP, Counsel for the Ad Hoc Group of Genesis Lenders, Eleven Times Square, New York, New York 10036, By: Brian S. Rosen, Esq., Vincent Indelicato, Esq., Megan R. Volin, Esq., 70 West Madison, Suite 3800, Chicago, Illinois 60602, By: Jordan E. Sazant, Esq.

SEAN H. LANE, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE

CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP, Counsel for the Debtors, One Liberty Plaza, New York, New York 10006, By: Sean A. O'Neal, Esq., Jane VanLare, Esq., Hoori Kim, Esq. WHITE & CASE LLP, Counsel for the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020, By: J. Christopher Shore, Esq., Philip Abelson, Esq., David Turetsky, Esq., Michele J. Meises, Esq., 111 South Wacker Drive, Suite 5100, Chicago, Illinois 60606-4302, By: Gregory F. Pesce, Esq. WILLIAM K. HARRINGTON, United States Trustee, Office of the United States Trustee, Alexander Hamilton Custom House, One Bowling Green, Suite 515, New York, New York 10004, By: Greg Zipes, Esq., Benjamin Teich, Esq., Tara Tiantian, Esq. PROSKAUER ROSE LLP, Counsel for the Ad Hoc Group of Genesis Lenders, Eleven Times Square, New York, New York 10036, By: Brian S. Rosen, Esq., Vincent Indelicato, Esq., Megan R. Volin, Esq., 70 West Madison, Suite 3800, Chicago, Illinois 60602, By: Jordan E. Sazant, Esq. MEMORANDUM OF DECISION ¹ SEAN H. LANE, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE

1 Unless otherwise indicated, references in this Memorandum of Decision to docket entries on the Case Management/Electronic Case Files ("ECF") system are to Case No. 23-10063.

Before the Court are several motions seeking the redaction of personally identifiable information from public filings in the Chapter 11 cases of the above-captioned debtors (the "Debtors").² The motions were filed by the Debtors and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors that has been appointed in the above-captioned cases (the "Committee"), with these Motions joined by an ad hoc group of the Debtors' lenders (the "Ad Hoc Group," and together with the Debtors and the Committee, the "Movants"). The Movants argue that the information here—primarily the personally identifiable information of the Debtors' lenders who are essentially the Debtors' customers—should be sealed on two grounds: 1) as confidential commercial information under Section 107(b) of the Bankruptcy Code; and 2) based on an undue risk of harm to these lenders under Section 107(c). The Motions are opposed by the Office of the United States Trustee (the "UST"), which argues that the Movants have failed to make the necessary showing under either prong of Section 107 to overcome the general policy of public access to court records. For the reasons set forth below, the Motions are granted in all respects except as to business entities whose information is sought to be redacted under Section 107(c).

2 The motions at issue are:

• Debtors' Motion for Entry of Interim and Final Orders Waiving the Requirement that Each Debtor File a List of Creditors and Authorizing Preparation of a Consolidated List of Creditors, in Lieu of Submitting a Formatted Mailing Matrix, (II) Authorizing the Debtors to File a Consolidated List of the Debtors' Fifty (50) Largest Unsecured Creditors, (III) Authorizing the Debtors to Redact Certain Personally Identifiable Information, and (IV) Granting Related Relief [ECF No. 14] (the "Creditor Matrix Motion");

• Debtors' Motion Pursuant to 11 U .S.C. §§ 107(b), 107(c), and 105(a) for Entry of an Order Authorizing the Debtors to Redact and File Under Seal Certain Information About the Confidential Parties Listed in the Debtors' Professional Retention Applications and Schedules [ECF No. 67] (the "Sealing Motion"); and

• The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors' Motion for Entry of an Order Requiring the Redaction of Certain Personally Identifiable Information [ECF No. 137] (the "Committee Motion," and together with the Creditor Matrix Motion and the Sealing Motion, the "Motions").

A joinder was also filed to the Motions:

• Ad Hoc Group of Genesis Lenders' Joinder to Debtors' Motion for Enty of Interim and Final Orders Waiving the Requirements that Each Debtor File a List of Creditors and Authorizing Preparation of a Consolidated List of Creditors, in Lieu of Submitting a Formatted Mailing Matrix, (II) Authorizing the Debtors to File a Consolidated List of the Debtors' Fifty (50) Largest Unsecured Creditors, (III) Authorizing the Debtors to Redact Certain Personally Identifiable Information, and (IV) Granting Related Relief [ECF No. 115] (the "Joinder").

BACKGROUND

A. The Debtors

The Debtors and their subsidiaries and affiliates (collectively, the "Company") are in the business of providing digital asset services, including the trading of digital assets and the borrowing and lending of digital assets and fiat currency to and from institutional customers (the "Institutional Lenders") and high net worth individual customers (the "Individual Lenders," and together with the Institutional Lenders, the "Lenders"). See Declaration of A. Derar Islim in Support of First Day Motions and Applications in Compliance with Local Rule 1007-2 ¶¶ 6, 9 [ECF No. 17] (the "Islim First Day Declaration").³

3 Two of the Debtors—Genesis Global Holdco, LLC and Genesis Global Capital, LLC—are organized under the laws of Delaware. See Islim First Day Decl. ¶¶ 1, 9. The third Debtor—Genesis Asia Pacific PTE Ltd.— is a Singapore-based entity. See id. ¶ 10. Additionally, a number of non-Debtor subsidiaries of the Debtors are organized and/or located overseas. See id. ¶ 11. As a result, the Debtors are subject to foreign data privacy laws of several jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom Data Protection Act of 2018 and the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation (together, the "UK GDPR"), the European General Data Protection Regulation (the "EU GDPR") and the Singaporean Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (the "Singapore PDPA"). See Sealing Motion ¶ 23.

The Debtors' lending and borrowing services permitted customers to loan digital assets to the Company and provide institutional funds and individuals with access to liquidity. See id. ¶ 17. Customers could enter into individualized loan terms and structures, with loans made through a number of digital assets, including Stablecoins, Bitcoin and Ethereum. See id. ¶ 18. Through September 30, 2022, Genesis Global Capital, LLC and Genesis Asia Pacific PTE Ltd. had originated loans of approximately $93.1 billion and had active outstanding loans of approximately $1.7 billion. See id. ¶ 19. But over the latter half of 2022, the digital assets industry began to experience significant disruption, including the collapse of certain key industry players and the subsequent bankruptcy filing of several others. See id. ¶¶ 28, 29. This led to a general decline of investor confidence in digital asset markets that, in turn, had a severe impact on the Debtors' business operations. See id. ¶ 30. The Debtors began to experience unprecedented withdrawals, which led Genesis Global Capital, LLC and Genesis Asia Pacific PTE Ltd. to pause all lending and borrowing as of November 16, 2022. See id. ¶¶ 30, 36-39.

The Debtors filed these Chapter 11 cases on January 19, 2023, seeking to restructure their balance sheets and evaluate options to preserve the value of the business. See id. ¶ 4. These efforts include a competitive marketing and sale process to monetize Genesis Global Holdco, LLC ("Holdco"), Holdco's subsidiaries, and non-Debtor Genesis Global Trading, Inc., along with their respective assets, ultimately comprising the Company's business. See Declaration of Paul Aronzon in Support of First Day Motions and Applications in Compliance with Local Rule 1007-2 ¶ 13 [ECF No. 19] (the "Aronzon First Day Declaration"); Debtors' Motion Seeking Entry of an Order (I) Approving the Bidding Procedures and Related Deadlines, (II) Scheduling Hearings and Objection Deadlines With Respect to the Debtors' Sale, and (III) Granting Related Relief ¶¶ 6-7 [ECF No. 133] (the "Sale Motion"); Order Authorizing the Debtors' Motion Seeking Entry of an Order (I) Approving the Bidding Procedures and Related Deadlines, (II) Scheduling Hearings and Objection Deadlines With Respect to the Debtors' Sale, and (III) Granting Related Relief [ECF No. 192] (the "Bid Procedures Order").

B. The Requested Relief

The Debtors filed the Creditor Matrix Motion at the outset of these cases, seeking, among other things, to redact from any filing with the Court—including the Debtors' consolidated list of creditors—the names, home addresses and email addresses of all individual creditors, including the Debtors' employees, former employees, and customers. See Creditor Matrix Motion ¶ 17. Citing to Section 107(c)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, the Debtors argued that the relief was appropriate due to the risk involved in public disclosure of this information, including identity theft, the ability of bad actors to locate survivors of domestic violence, or forms of other harassment or stalking. See id. ¶¶ 17, 21. The Debtors also cited their need to comply with foreign data privacy laws to avoid being subject to fines overseas. See id. ¶ 22-23. The Debtors proposed to provide an unredacted version of the consolidated list of creditors and any other applicable filings to the Court, the UST, the Committee and "any party in interest, upon a request reasonably related to these Chapter 11 Cases directed to the Debtors . . . or the Court." Id. ¶ 25.

The Court subsequently entered an interim order authorizing the Debtors to redact the names, home addresses, and e-mail addresses of individual (but not institutional) creditors, and the addresses and e-mail addresses (but not the names) of all other creditors, that were listed on the Debtors' consolidated list of creditors or other documents filed with the Court under Sections 107(c) and 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, Bankruptcy Rule 9018, and Local Rule 9018-1. See Interim Order Waiving the Requirement that Each Debtor File a List of Creditors and Authorizing Preparation of a Consolidated List of Creditors, in Lieu of Submitting a Formatted Mailing Matrix, (II) Authorizing the Debtors to File a Consolidated List of the Debtors' Fifty (50) Largest Unsecured Creditors, (III) Authorizing the Debtors to Redact Certain Personally Identifiable Information, and (IV) Granting Related Relief [ECF No. 46] (the "Interim Creditor Matrix Order"). The Interim Creditor Matrix Order reserved the rights of the UST and any party in interest to file a motion to unseal the redacted information, noting that if the parties could not reach an agreement on such redactions, any remaining issues would be presented to the Court. See Interim Creditor Matrix Order ¶ 9.

The Debtors then filed the Sealing Motion, seeking to redact from the Debtors' Schedules of Assets and Liabilities (the "Schedules"), professional retention applications and other documents filed with the Court the following information: (1) all name and contact information for individual creditors; (2) addresses and contact information for institutional creditors whose addresses are individual home addresses; (3) the names of potential counterparties to mergers and acquisitions (the "Potential Counterparties"); and (4) the names of parties involved in "confidential or sealed litigation or regulatory actions or proceedings." (the "Litigation Counterparties"). See Sealing Motion at preamble; see also Proposed Order attached to Sealing Motion ¶ 2.⁴

4 On the same day that the Sealing Motion was filed, the Debtors also filed several professional retention applications with redacted disclosure schedules. See generally ECF Nos. 68-73.

In the Sealing Motion, the Debtors cited to Section 107(b)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, arguing that the information for the Potential Counterparties was commercially sensitive because disclosure would impair negotiations and reduce competition for the sale, thereby impacting the Debtors' ability to maximize value for the benefit of the Debtors' estates and stakeholders. See id. ¶ 18. The Debtors also referenced the need to keep the information of the Litigation Counterparties private because the existence of the litigation itself was confidential and under seal and disclosure would put the Debtors at risk of violating court orders requiring the confidentiality of such information. See id. ¶ 19. The Debtors also cited to Section 107(c) of the Bankruptcy Code to support the redaction of information related to institutional and individual creditors, noting that disclosure of such information could perpetrate identity theft, allow bad actors to locate survivors of domestic violence, or facilitate other harassment or stalking. See id. ¶ 22. Additionally, the Debtors noted the need to comply with data privacy laws, which impose substantial limitations on the disclosure of information relating to identified or identifiable individuals, including names and home addresses. See id. ¶ 23. The Debtors stated that violation of these privacy laws could subject them to civil and monetary penalties, which the Debtors sought to avoid in order to maximize the value of their estate for the benefit of stakeholders. See id. The Debtors stated that they would share unredacted copies of the Debtors' retention applications, Schedules and any other applicable documents with the UST, the Committee and any other party that was ordered by the Court or agreed to by the Debtors, under appropriate confidentiality agreements that were reasonably satisfactory to the Debtors. See id. ¶ 25.

The Court subsequently entered an order extending the time for the Debtors to file their Schedules and their Statements of Financial Affairs ("SOFAs") to March 9, 2023. See Order Extending Time to File Schedules of Assets and Liabilities, Schedules of Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases, Statements of Financial Affairs, and Rule 2015.3 Financial Reports [ECF No. 42]. Thereafter, the Debtors reached an agreement with the UST for an additional extension of time to March 20, 2023. See Notice of Extension of Debtors' Time to File Schedules of Assets and Liabilities, Schedules of Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases, and Statement of Financial Affairs to March 20, 2023 [ECF No. 119].

On March 13, 2023, the Court approved a Stipulation and Agreed Order by and Among the Debtors, the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors, and the Office of the United States Trustee Regarding the Redaction of Certain Personally Identifiable Information in the Debtors' Schedules and Statements [ECF No. 124] (the "Stipulation and Order"). The Stipulation and Order provided that the Debtors would redact from the Schedules and SOFAs the names, physical addresses, and email addresses of all of the Debtors' creditors—whether individuals or institutions—pending the Court's ruling on the Motions. See Stipulation and Order ¶ 1.

The Committee then filed its own Motion, which sought broader relief than was requested by the Debtors. Specifically, the Committee sought to redact from all papers filed by any party in interest the names, physical addresses, and email addresses of all the Debtors' Lenders, whether individual or institutional. See Committee Motion ¶¶ 1-2. The Committee relied on Section 107(b)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, arguing that the Lenders' information is a valuable asset of the Debtors' estates and, therefore, commercially sensitive information. See Committee Motion ¶ 3. Specifically, the Committee asserted that the value of the Debtor's cryptocurrency trading and lending platform was tied to the preservation of good will with its Lenders and that disclosure of the information at issue would impair that relationship, risking the migration of those Lenders to other platforms. See id. ¶¶ 3, 25. The Committee argued that release of the information would also impact the marketing process for the sale of the Debtors' assets—as the identities of the Lenders are a key asset of the Debtors—and any potential reorganization. See id. ¶¶ 23-24; Hr'g Tr. 56:13-20, 57:13-20 (Apr. 24, 2023). Additionally, the Committed relied on Section 107(c), arguing that the Individual Lenders and the individuals employed by or associated with the Institutional Lenders must be protected from 'phishing' attempts, threats, and other improper conduct.⁵ See Committee Motion ¶¶ 4, 28-29.

5 Phishing is defined as "the practice of tricking Internet users (as through the use of deceptive email messages or websites) into revealing personal or confidential information which can then be used illicitly." See Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phishing [https://perma.cc/8E27-3VJ5] (last accessed July 10, 2023).

On March 23, 2023, the UST filed an objection to the relief requested in the Motions (the "Objection") [ECF No. 157], arguing that the Movants had failed to satisfy the grounds to seal under Section 107 to overcome the general policy of public access to court documents. See Objection at 6-7. Specifically, the UST argued that the Movants have not met their burden under Section 107(b) because the Movants have not shown that the names of litigants constitute confidential commercial information or that the failure to redact names will suppress the value of the Debtors' assets. See id. at 13-14. As to Section 107(c), the UST argued that institutional creditors do not meet the definition of "individual" in the language of the statute and that the names of individual creditors should not be redacted because the Debtors have failed to show the existence of an undue risk of harm. See id. at 10-11. Additionally, the UST argued that the requirements of foreign privacy laws should not prevail over the disclosure requirements of U.S. law. See id. at 12-13.

On March 30, 2023, the Court heard oral argument on the Motions and then scheduled a further evidentiary hearing. See Hr'g Tr. 121:4-18 (Mar. 30, 2023) [ECF No. 198]. Written declarations were admitted into evidence as the direct testimony from Mark Renzi on behalf of the Committee and from Brian Tichenor on behalf of the Debtors.⁶ See generally Hr'g Tr. 98:21-99:11 (Mar. 30, 2023); Hr'g Tr. 14:10-16:13 (Apr. 24, 2023) [ECF No. 264]. The Court also heard live testimony from Mr. Renzi and Mr. Tichenor at the evidentiary hearing held on April 24, 2023.

6 The declarations submitted in connection with the Motions are:

• Declaration of Mark Renzi in Support of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors' Motion for Entry of an Order Requiring the Redaction of Certain Personally Identifiable Information [ECF No. 156] (the "Renzi Declaration");

• Supplemental Declaration of Mark Renzi in Support of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors' Motion for Entry of an Order Requiring the Redaction of Certain Personally Identifiable Information [ECF No. 184] (the "Renzi Supplemental Declaration");

• Declaration of Brian Tichenor in Support of Debtors' Redaction and Sealing Motions [ECF No. 231] (the "Tichenor Declaration"); and

• Second Supplemental Declaration of Mark Renzi in Support of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors' Motion for Entry of an Order Requiring the Redaction of Certain Personally Identifiable Information [ECF No. 232] (the "Renzi Second Supplemental Declaration," and together with the Renzi Declaration, the Renzi Supplemental Declaration and the Tichenor Declaration, the "Declarations").

C. The Evidentiary Record

The Debtors are in the process of marketing their assets for sale. See generally Sale Motion; Bid Procedures Order. Brian Tichenor, a Managing Director of Moelis & Company, LLC, the Debtors' investment banker, testified that the list of the Lenders, including the Lenders' names and contact information, is being sold as part of the Debtors' business and is contemplated to be a key asset in the sale. See Tichenor Decl. ¶ 13; Hr'g Tr. 56:13-20, 57:13-20 (Apr. 24, 2023) (Mr. Tichenor testifying that a list of Lenders was one of the primary assets with respect to the sale of the Debtors' business and that the Debtors will seek to sell the Lender information, including creditor name, email address and other information, that would allow for a buyer to market to those customers). Mr. Tichenor testified that given the value of this information, it will not be shared with any of the potential bidders and will only be provided to the purchaser upon the consummation of a transaction. See Hr'g Tr. 62:8-63:7 (Apr. 24, 2023).

The conclusion of Mr. Tichenor is consistent with the testimony of Mr. Renzi, who is a Managing Director and Head of the Corporate Finance Financial Institutions Group for Berkeley Research Group, LLC, the Committee's financial advisor. See Renzi Supp. Decl. ¶ 1. Mr. Renzi has firsthand experience with sales in other cryptocurrency bankruptcy cases. See Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶ 3; Hr'g Tr. 28:13-14 (Apr. 24, 2023). Mr. Renzi testified that the list of Lenders in the Debtors' cases was equivalent to a company's customer list. See Hr'g Tr. 28:13-14, 28:21-29:1, 30:13-25 (Apr. 24, 2023); see also id. at 62:23-63:3 (Mr. Tichenor testifying that a financial institution's customers are its source of funding); Renzi Decl. ¶ 12.⁷ He noted that the Debtors have spent a significant amount of time, money and resources to develop their customer base. See Renzi Decl. ¶ 13. Mr. Renzi further explained that the business plans of cryptocurrency companies specifically ascribe value to each customer and that this information is part of the marketing process in multiple cryptocurrency bankruptcy cases. See Hr'g Tr. 28:9-20 (Apr. 24, 2023). He warned that publishing a list of the Genesis Lenders would allow competitors to contact those Lenders and solicit business from them, thereby shrinking the Debtors' Lender base and market share, while at the same time giving those competitors an advantage over the Debtors. See id. at 29:2-5; Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 13, 17. For the same reasons, Mr. Tichenor and Mr. Renzi testified that publication of the information would devalue the Debtors' assets in any marketing process and sale because any bidder for the assets would not want the Lender information to be public as the potential purchaser would want to retain the Lenders and move them to its new platform. See Hr'g Tr. 49:5-15 (Apr. 24, 2023); Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 13, 17; Tichenor Decl. ¶ 14. Thus, both Mr. Renzi and Mr. Tichenor noted that the value of the Lender list is directly tied to the Lenders' information not being available to the Debtors' competitors; if the information were made public, it would have minimal, if any, value. See Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 12-13, 17; Tichenor Decl. ¶ 14.

7 The term "customer" was used interchangeably with the term "lender" throughout the testimony. See, e.g., Hr'g Tr. 56:13-23 (Apr. 24, 2023) (question and answer referring to customer list being asset in Genesis sale process); see id. at 49:5-15 (question and answer discussing desire of potential purchaser to keep customer list private); see also Islim First Day Decl. ¶ 9 (describing Debtor Genesis Global Capital, LLC as providing "lending and borrowing services for digital assets and fiat currency primarily to and from institutional and high net worth individual customers.") (emphasis added); id. ¶¶ 17-18 (referring to loan counterparties as "customers").

The evidence also established that the Individual Lenders are generally understood to be high net worth investors and therefore at heightened risk of financial or physical harm because they are perceived to be wealthy. See Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 6, 9; Hr'g Tr. 25:4-9 (Apr. 24, 2023) (Mr. Renzi testifying to risk based on the Genesis case involving high net worth investors); see, e.g., Hr'g Tr. 101:8-16 (Apr. 24, 2023) (counsel to the Ad Hoc Group stating that to be a Genesis exclusive lender, a creditor must provide proof of over $10 million in investible assets and make a minimum loan of either 100 Bitcoin, 1,000 Ethereum, or $2 million in USD or Stablecoin loans to Genesis). Additionally, Mr. Renzi testified that cryptocurrency poses an increased risk of criminal theft attempts because of the near instantaneous and almost irreversible nature of cryptocurrency transactions due to their status as bearer assets. See Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶ 8; Hr'g Tr. 23:23-24:23 (Apr. 24, 2023) (Renzi testifying on specific risks with respect to cryptocurrency). Mr. Renzi testified that because cryptocurrency is a bearer asset, if someone were able to obtain a Lender's cryptocurrency keys, then they would then have control over that asset. See Hr'g Tr. 24:8-19 (Apr. 24, 2023). Mr. Renzi further testified that it is well documented that criminals will seek to obtain cryptocurrency keys through phishing and other means. See id at 24:20-23. The record contains numerous examples of past harassment, threats and attacks against individuals motivated by theft of cryptocurrency,⁸ along with multiple examples of alerts, bulletins and press releases from federal law enforcement and administrative agencies warning the public of schemes, tactics and incidence of theft or violence against holders of cryptocurrency.⁹ Many of these alerts and warnings come from the federal government, including the Department of Justice (of which the UST is a part).

8 See Hr'g Tr. 20:10-27:20 (Apr. 24, 2023) (Renzi testimony regarding risk of physical threats and harm, phishing attacks and psychological harm associated with release of personally identifiable information); see also Exh. J to Renzi Supp. Decl., New York Times, Bitcoin Thieves Threaten Real Violence for Virtual Currencies, dated Feb. 18, 2018 (describing "startling" number of bitcoin thieves threatening violence to force cryptocurrency holders to transfer assets through irreversible transactions, including an incident in New York City where a man was held captive until he transferred over $1.8 million worth of Ether, and another incident where a man in Phuket, Thailand was attacked in his apartment until he transferred $100,000 worth of bitcoin to a wallet that the attackers controlled); Exh. K to Renzi Supp. Decl., Coin-Telegraph, $5 Wrench Attacks Appear to Be on the Rise in Crypto Community, dated Feb. 2, 2022 (article from crypto-focused news outlet highlighting that attacks on known holders of significant sums of cryptocurrency appear to be on the rise); Exh. L to Renzi Supp. Decl., Crypto Blogger Yuri Boytsov Had $284,000 Stolen in Bitcoins, dated Feb. 27, 2023 (article detailing how in Bali, Indonesia, a group of four men attacked a known cryptocurrency investor in his home, beating him and forcing him to transfer $284,000 in Bitcoin to his assailants); Exh. M to Renzi Supp. Decl., Corriere Della Sera, Manerba, Threatened With a Knife and Robbed of Bitcoins, dated August 11, 2022 (article detailing how known owner of cryptocurrency in Manerba, Italy held at knifepoint while robbers forced him to transfer cryptocurrency to their accounts); Exh. N. to Renzi Supp. Decl., Hooded Men Torture the Founder of Tuenti in his Apartment in Madrid and Steal his Fortune in Bitcoins, dated Nov. 3, 2021 (article detailing how the president and founder of a social media company in Madrid, Spain, was handcuffed and gagged in his apartment by assailants that extorted him in an effort to obtain the password to his accounts holding Bitcoin worth several million Euros); Exh. O to Renzi Supp. Decl. (article detailing how in Kyoto, Japan, several men confined and beat the son of the former CEO of Mitsubishi Electric who was known to be holding cryptocurrency in an effort to force him to transfer the crypto tokens to the assailants); Exh. P. to Renzi Supp. Decl., South China Morning Post, Hong Kong Police Rescue Cryptocurrency Trader Kidnapped by Triad Gang Who Demanded HK$30 Million Ransom, dated Nov. 14, 2021 (detailing how a known cryptocurrency trader in Hong Kong was lured, held against his will and beaten by suspected gang members attempting to force him to pay them HK$30 million in cryptocurrency as ransom); Exh. Q to Renzi Supp. Decl., Obozrevatel, In Kiev, Bitcoin Worth Almost $50 Thousand Was Knocked Out of the Guy, dated Sept. 8, 2017 (article detailing how a cryptocurrency investor in Kiev, Ukraine, was beaten and tortured by three men to extort him of his cryptocurrency holdings).

9 See Exh. A to Renzi Supp. Decl., Federal Bureau of Investigation Public Service Announcement, dated February 8, 2022 (informing public of the "increasing use of Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) swapping by criminals to steal money from fiat and virtual currency accounts" and recommending that individuals take precautions to protect against theft, including to "not advertise information about financial assets, including ownership or investment of cryptocurrency" and to "avoid posting personal information online, such as mobile phone number, address, or other personal identifying information."); Exh. B to Renzi Supp. Decl., U.S. Department of Treasury, Crypto-Assets: Implications for Consumers, Investors, and Businesses, dated September 2022 (discussing risk of cryptocurrency theft, which accounted for $3.2 billion of "crypto-asset-based crime" in 2021 from security breaches such as phishing, key logging, and social engineering); Exh. C. to Renzi Supp. Decl., Federal Trade Commission, What To Know About Cryptocurrency and Scams, dated May 2022 (warning of blackmail scams involving "emails or U.S. mail sent to [an individual's] home" that threatens to make information public unless payment made in cryptocurrency); Exh. D to Renzi Supp. Decl., Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Complaint Bulletin, dated November 2022 (highlighting complaints received related to crypto-assets and warning consumers about SIM-swapping, phishing, and other types of hacking); Exh. E to Renzi Supp. Decl., U.S. Attorney's Office, S.D.N.Y., Two Men Charged with Plan to Commit Home Invasion Robbery for Tens of Millions of Dollars in Bitcoin, dated June 24, 2022 (press release detailing unsealed indictment of two defendants charged under a federal conspiracy statute in connection with "a violent plan to break into a family's home in the middle of the night and force its residents to provide the code to what the defendants believed was tens of millions of dollars in Bitcoin currency."); Exh. F to Renzi Suppl. Decl., U.S. Customs and Border Protection, CBP Warns Against Phone Scams, dated January 20, 2022 (national media release warning of telephone phishing scams involving criminals impersonating U.S. Border Patrol agents who, among other tactics, request that an individual provide information in exchange for Bitcoin); Exh. G to Renzi Supp. Decl., U.S. Department of Justice, Two Men Sentenced for Nationwide Scheme to Steal Social Media Accounts and Cryptocurrency, dated Oct. 19, 2022 (press release detailing arrest and conviction of two defendants who targeted, among others, "executives of cryptocurrency companies and others who likely had significant amounts of cryptocurrency" in a scheme through which approximately $330,000 was stolen through "SIM swapping," computer hacking, and other methods); Exh. H to Renzi Supp. Decl., Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Expects a Rise in Scams Involving Cryptocurrency Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic, dated April 13, 2020 (press release warning of increase in cryptocurrency fraud schemes related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including blackmail attempts); Exh. I to Renzi Supp. Decl., Federal Trade Commission, Reported Crypto Scam Losses Since 2021 Top $1 Billion, Says FTC Data Spotlight, dated June 3, 2022 (business blog post noting that, "since 2021, more than 46,000 people have reported losing over $1.0 billion in crypto to scams.").

The witnesses also testified that redacting a Lender's contact information (such as their email or their address)—but allowing the publication of their names—would not mitigate the risks at issue. See Hr'g Tr. 27:2-9, 27:14-20, 28:9-13 (Apr. 24, 2023). This is because the internet allows someone to gain a significant amount of information about individuals simply through a search of their names, thus allowing third parties to identify the individuals' home and business addresses and email addresses. See id. at 27:5-15.

The UST's cross-examination was limited in scope and—importantly—raised no real challenge to the testimony that the Lenders' information was a key asset in the Debtors' sale process, leaving that testimony essentially unrebutted.¹⁰ Rather, the UST cross-examined on a variety of more tangential issues. For example, the UST cross-examined Mr. Renzi and Mr. Tichenor about the Debtors not having originally sought redaction requests for Institutional Lenders and the scope of the Debtors' current request for sealing. See Hr'g Tr. 33:18-34:8 (Apr. 24, 2023); see id. at 59:18-60:5. The UST also cross-examined Mr. Renzi with respect to the Debtors' privacy policies, specifically which policies were in place at what time. Mr. Renzi's testimony established that the Debtors did have policies in place providing privacy protections to the Lenders. See Master Digital Loan Agreement applicable to Gemini Lenders, attached as Exh. B to Renzi Decl. (the "MLA") at Paragraph XI(a) ("Each Party to this Agreement shall hold in confidence all information obtained from the other Party in connection with this Agreement . . . ."); MLA, Paragraph X(c) ("Each Party also agrees not to use Confidential Information for any purpose other than in connection with transactions contemplated by this Agreement."); MLA, Paragraph XI(b) ("Each Party shall (i) keep such Confidential Information confidential and shall not, without the prior written consent of the other Party, disclose or allow the disclosure of such Confidential Information to any third party . . . and (ii) restrict internal access to and reproduction of the Confidential Information to a Party's Representatives only on a need to know basis."); Genesis Privacy Notice, attached as Exh. A to the Renzi Decl. (the "Genesis Privacy Policy") at Section 8 ("We have put in place appropriate security measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorized way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those employees, agents, contractors and other third parties who have a business need to know."); Genesis Privacy Policy at Section 7 ("We do not sell customer information to third parties for the purposes of marketing."); see also Notice of Filing of Additional Joint Exhibit in Connection With the April 24, 2023 Hearing [ECF No. 284] (attaching version of confidentiality provision applicable to non-Gemini Lenders). Exceptions exist in the Debtors' privacy policies. But they are limited to allowing the Lenders' information to be disclosed to third parties in specific circumstances, such as to its affiliates or to a purchaser in the context of a sale of the Debtors' assets. See Hr'g Tr. 34:9-36-8 (Apr. 24, 2023); see id. at 37:5-39:1; see id. at 39:11-40:25; see id. at 50:6-52:21.

10 Indeed, the UST's cross-examination of Mr. Tichenor seemed to confirm the type of information that the Debtors' collected from their customers, that the Debtors' customer list is part of the sale process and that this information was one of the Debtors' primary assets. See Hr'g Tr. 56:3-58; 15 (Apr. 24, 2023).

The UST cross-examined Mr. Renzi with respect to the fact that certain Lenders had filed public documents on the docket of the Debtors' case that included their names and/or addresses. See Hr'g Tr. 41:16-44:6 (Apr. 24, 2023). Additionally, the UST questioned Mr. Rezni about the Lenders having voluntarily signed up to do business with Genesis, noting that in some other cases where sealing has been requested, the creditors did not voluntarily surrender their information, but rather their information was implicated due to their status as opioid users and sexual abuse survivors. See Hr'g Tr. 44:7-46:6 (Apr. 24, 2023). Mr. Rezni was also cross-examined by the UST regarding the fact that the Debtors' Lenders were sophisticated and questioned both Mr. Renzi and Mr. Tichenor as to whether the Lenders constituted accredited investors and high net worth individuals. See Hr'g Tr. 46:8-47:2 (Apr. 24, 2023); see id. at 54:5-56-2 (Apr. 24, 2023). Specifically, the UST questioned Mr. Renzi and Mr. Tichenor extensively on what the qualifications were for an individual to be considered an accredited investor as that term of art might be defined by the SEC or other governmental regulators. Hr'g Tr. 46:11-47:2 (Apr. 24, 2023); id. at 54:5-56:2 (Mr. Tichenor testifying that the term accredited investor refers to the SEC definition under Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933, and that among other factors considered is whether an investor is a Series 7 holder or the dollar amounts of an individual's net worth).¹¹ The UST cross-examined Mr. Tichenor on the type of information that the Debtors' collected from their customers besides their names and the fact that all this information was being sold as part of the sale process. See Hr'g Tr. 56:3-58;15 (Apr. 24, 2023). Finally, the UST cross-examined Mr. Tichenor as to the Lenders' inability to currently withdraw their assets. See Hr'g Tr. 60:6-8 (Apr. 24, 2023).

11 The UST did not clarify the significance of its line of questioning relating to the qualifications for becoming an accredited investor under such SEC definition. Indeed, the Court can think of none.

DISCUSSION

A. The Standard for Sealing Generally

Courts recognize "a strong presumption and public policy in favor of public access to court records." In re Food Mgmt. Grp., LLC, 359 B.R. 543, 553 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (collecting cases). "This preference for public access is rooted in the public's first amendment right to know about the administration of justice. It helps safeguard the integrity, quality, and respect in our judicial system . . . ." Video Software Dealers Ass'n v. Orion Pictures Corp. (In re Orion Pictures Corp.), 21 F.3d 24, 26 (2d Cir. 1994) (internal citation and quotation omitted). The presumption is important in bankruptcy cases, where public access "fosters confidence among creditors regarding the fairness of the bankruptcy system." In re Food Mgmt., 359 B.R. at 553. But while "the right of public access to court records is firmly entrenched and well supported by policy and practical considerations, the right is not absolute . . . In limited circumstances, courts must deny access to judicial documents—generally where open inspection may be used as a vehicle for improper purposes." In re Orion, 21 F.3d at 27.

Congress's "strong desire to preserve the public's right of access to judicial records in bankruptcy proceedings" is codified in Section 107 of the Bankruptcy Code. Id. at 26. Section 107(a) states that, "unless otherwise provided . . . , a paper filed in a case under this title and the dockets of a bankruptcy court are public records and open to examination by an entity at reasonable times without charge." 11 U.S.C. § 107(a). Thus, "[t]he plain meaning of [Section] 107(a) mandates that all papers filed with the bankruptcy court are 'public records' unless the bankruptcy court decides to protect the information pursuant to the standards set forth in [Sections] 107(b)" and 107(c) of the Bankruptcy Code. In re Food Mgmt., 359 B.R. at 554 (emphasis in original) (internal citation and quotation omitted).

The party seeking to seal a document has the burden to prove that grounds exist to grant the requested relief. See In re Food Mgmt., 359 B.R. at 561. "Since the sealing of records runs contrary to the strong policy of public access, only clear evidence of impropriety can overcome the presumption and justify protection . . . ." Togut v. Deutsche Bank AG (In re Anthracite Capital, Inc.), 492 B.R. 162, 174 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2013) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Additionally, "[r]edacting portions of a document containing protectable information is preferable to wholesale sealing . . . because the policy favoring public access supports making public as much information as possible while still preserving confidentiality of protectable information." Motors Liquidation Co. Avoidance Action Trust v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (In re Motors Liquidation Co.), 561 B.R. 36, 42 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2016).

The grounds for the sealing of information are provided in Sections 107(b) and (c) of the Bankruptcy Code, which provide in part that:

(b) On request of a party in interest, the bankruptcy court shall, and on the bankruptcy court's own motion, the bankruptcy court may—

(1) protect an entity with respect to a trade secret or confidential research, development, or commercial information; or

(2) protect a person with respect to scandalous or defamatory matter

contained in a paper filed in a case under this title.

(c) (1) The bankruptcy court, for cause, may protect an individual, with respect to the following types of information to the extent the court finds that disclosure of such information would create undue risk of identity theft or other unlawful injury to the individual or the individual's property:

(A) Any means of identification (as defined in section 1028(d) of title 18) contained in a paper filed, or to be filed, in a case under this title.

(B) Other information contained in a paper described in subparagraph (A).

11 U.S.C. §§ 107(b), (c).

The Movants invoked both Section 107(b) and 107(c). But the parties' precise positions have evolved during the course of filing the Motions. After consulting with the Committee, the Debtors now fully support the Committee's position that the names and contact information of both Institutional and Individual Lenders should be redacted under both Sections 107(b) and 107(c) of the Bankruptcy Code. See Hr'g Tr. 73:19-74:7 (Apr. 24, 2023).¹² The UST has stated that it now does not oppose the sealing of information relating to the Litigation Counterparties and the Potential Counterparties, so long as a reasonable basis exists for the redaction and verification of that basis is provided by the Debtors to the UST. See Hr'g Tr. 71:12-75:8, 80:2-19 (Mar. 30, 2023); Hr'g Tr. 76:7-77:10 (Apr. 24, 2023). The UST has also agreed to the redaction of email addresses and mailing addresses of Individual Lenders. See Hr'g Tr.76:16-19,77:24-25 (Mar. 30, 2023); see also Objection at 11. But the UST continues to object to the redaction of the names of Individual Lenders and the names and contact information of Institutional Lenders. See Hr'g Tr. 31:19-32:22 (Apr. 24, 2023). Given the parties' current positions and consistent the Court's need to make appropriate findings before granting a request to seal, the Court will address each of the categories of information where sealing has been sought. The Court will focus on the names of Individual Lenders and the names and contact information of Institutional Lenders, which appears to be the only information still in dispute.

12 The Debtors have not sought to redact the names and contact information of their vendors and similar types of creditors, as they do not believe the same concerns are applicable to these parties. See Hr'g Tr. 86:21-87:15 (Apr. 24, 2023).

B. Section 107(b)

Section 107(b)(1) provides that "[o]n request of a party in interest, the bankruptcy court shall, and on the bankruptcy court's own motion, the bankruptcy court may . . . protect an entity with respect to a trade secret or confidential research, development, or commercial information . . . ." 11 U.S.C. 107(b). Bankruptcy Rule 9018 further provides that "the court may make any order which justice requires . . . to protect the estate or any entity in respect of a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9018. "[I]f the information fits any of the specified categories [in Section 107(b)(1)], the court is required to protect a requesting interested party and has no discretion to deny the application." In re Orion, 21 F.3d at 27 (emphasis in original) (internal citation and quotation omitted); see also In re Anthracite, 492 B.R. at 174.

To meet the requirements of Section 107(b)(1), the moving party must only show "that the information it sought to seal [is] 'confidential' and 'commercial' in nature." In re Orion, 21 F.3d at 27. But the information need not rise to the level of a trade secret to be protected. See id. at 28 (noting that the "clear and unambiguous usage of 'or' neither equates 'trade secret' with 'commercial information' nor requires the latter to reflect the same level of confidentiality as the former."). Rather, "[c]ommercial information [under Section 107(b)] has been defined as information which would cause an unfair advantage to competitors by providing them information as to the commercial operations of the debtor." Id. at 27 (internal citation and quotation omitted). Commercial information also includes "situations where a bankruptcy court may reasonably determine that allowing such disclosure would have a chilling effect on [business] negotiations, ultimately affecting the viability of Debtors." In re Borders Grp., Inc., 462 B.R. 42, 47 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011) (internal citation and quotation omitted); see also In re Lomas Financial Corp., 1991 WL 21231, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (finding that "commercial information" under Section 107(b)(1) is broader than merely the "information that may give a debtor's competitors an unfair advantage."). Such information should be "so critical to the operations of the entity seeking the protective order that its disclosure will unfairly benefit the entity's competitors." In re Borders, 462 B.R. at 47-48.

Several courts have held that customer lists constitute confidential commercial information. See In re Cred Inc., Hr'g Tr. 113:20-25; 114:1-16 (Bankr. D. Del. Dec. 18, 2020) [Case No. 20-12836, ECF No. 277] (finding that, based on the evidence, creditor list had intrinsic value and that disclosure would affect the ability of the debtors to market and sell that list); see also In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 103:1-5 (Bankr. D. Del. Jan. 11, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 489] (court stating that "it goes without saying that a customer list in any bankruptcy case is something that is protected by 107(b) as a trade secret. Companies hold those things very closely and don't want them disclosed."); In re Altegrity, Inc., 2015 WL 10963572, at *3-4 (Bankr. D. Del. July 6, 2015) (holding debtor's list of independent contractors was a "primary asset" that debtor had spent "considerable effort and money to develop" and were "highly susceptible to solicitation" and that such information was therefore confidential commercial information subject to sealing pursuant to Section 107(b)); In re Faucett, 438 B.R. 564, 568 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 2010) (holding that computer screen shots revealing identity of debtor's customers was confidential commercial information because it would give advantage to debtor's competitors); In re Nunn, 49 B.R. 963, 965 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1985) (holding that customer list was creditor's only "real asset" and was subject to protection under Section 107(b) because allowing creditor's competitor access to the list would have adverse effect on that creditor).

Applying these principles here, the Court finds that the Movants have easily satisfied their evidentiary burden for sealing all of the information as confidential commercial information. In particular, the Debtors have established that the list of Lenders, including the Lenders' names and contact information, is being sold as part of the Debtors' business and is contemplated to be a key asset in the sale that, given its value, will only be provided to the purchaser upon consummation of a transaction. See Tichenor Decl. ¶ 13; Hr'g Tr. 56:13-20, 57:13-20 (Apr. 24, 2023); see id. at 62:8-63:7.

The testimony has established that the list of Lenders is akin to a customer list and is a valuable asset that the Debtors have spent significant time, money and resources to develop. See Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 12, 13; Renzi Supp. Decl. ¶ 1; Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶ 3; Hr'g Tr. 28:13-14 (Apr. 24, 2023); see id. at 28:13-14, 28:21-29:1, 30:13-25. Mr. Tichenor explained how investment bankers in a bankruptcy case treat this information as sensitive in any sale process for a financial institution. See Hr'g Tr. 62:15-63:7 (Apr. 24, 2023). The testimony also established that the business plans of cryptocurrency companies specifically ascribe value to each customer and that this information is part of the marketing process in multiple cryptocurrency bankruptcy cases. See Hr'g Tr. 28:9-20 (Apr. 24, 2023). Moreover, the testimony shows that publishing a list of the Genesis Lenders would provide competitors with an advantage over the Debtors by allowing competitors to directly contact the Debtors' Lenders and solicit business from them, thereby shrinking the Debtors' Lender base and market share. See id. at 29:2-5; Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 13, 17. For the same reasons, it is clear that publication of the information in these bankruptcy cases would devalue the Debtors' assets in any marketing process and sale; any bidder for the assets would not want the Lender information to be public because any buyer would want to retain the Lenders and move them to its new platform. See Hr'g Tr. 49:5-15 (Apr. 24, 2023); Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 13, 17; Tichenor Decl. ¶ 14. Thus, the value of the Lender list is directly tied to the Lender's information not being available to the Debtors' competitors; if the information were made public, it would have minimal, if any, value. See Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 12-13, 17; Tichenor Decl. ¶ 14; see also In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 156:15-25 (Bankr. D. Del. June 9, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 1612] (court redacting customer names under Section 107(b), noting that evidence was uncontroverted that "customer identification has value . . . to the debtors' estates" and that "the customer names constitute a trade secret" and protecting information for a limited time until the debtors determine if they are going to sell their assets, including the customer lists).

The Court notes that the factual predicate for the requested relief here is unchallenged. The UST did not ask any questions on cross-examination of Mr. Tichenor and Mr. Renzi to challenge their testimony about the commercial value of this information to the Debtors. Nor did the UST offer any witnesses of its own to address whether this information has commercial value. During oral argument, the UST argued that their lack of cross-examination on these issues was because "when a Debtor is making an argument that [if] a list is publicized, . . . it could deplete the value or reduce the value of the Debtor [is] kind of an unrebuttable statement . . . ." Hr'g Tr. 111:23-112:4 (Apr. 24, 2023). But as the Court noted during argument, that is not the case. The UST could have questioned the witnesses on a number of issues, including their experience with this issue in prior cases, prior instances of similar assets being sold, what the witnesses thought those assets would sell for in the Debtors' cases and whether the Debtor or Committee evaluated the value of this asset separately from the Debtors' other assets. See Hr'g Tr. 110:6-18; 112:5-10 (Apr. 24, 2023). But the UST explored none of these issues, despite having had ample time to seek discovery from the Debtors and Committee on these issues. See id. at 112:9-13; 113:10-17.

In arguing against granting relief under Section 107(b), the UST notes that the Debtors did not base their original redaction request on the commercially sensitive nature of this information for any sale of the Debtors' assets. See Hr'g Tr. 89:5-10 (Mar. 30, 2023); Hr'g Tr. 114:24-115:9 (Apr. 24, 2023). In so doing, the UST seems to be implying that the Debtors' belated invocation of Section 107(b) is suspect. But the UST has not presented any legal basis for such a conclusion. It has not invoked judicial estoppel, waiver or any similar theory. Indeed, no reason has been provided to deny the request simply based on the timing of the invocation of Section 107(b) here.

Moreover, the timing of the invocation of Section 107(b) here is not suspicious to the Court. As is often observed, a Chapter 11 case is litigation in "real time," with the focus of a case shifting as it develops and options change. At the beginning of this case, the Debtors were focused on a "[a] restructuring of the Debtors' balance sheets . . . to restore the Debtors' businesses, to evaluate options to preserve their value and to move their businesses forward as swiftly as possible." Islim First Day Decl. ¶ 4. The Debtors stated their broad intent "to seek [C]ourt approval to conduct a competitive marketing and sales process to sell their assets or otherwise raise capital during these Chapter 11 Cases." Aronzon First Day Decl. ¶ 13. But at that time the Debtors were still negotiating with their stakeholders about the path forward. See id. ¶ 15 (noting that the Debtors were continuing with negotiations try and reach an agreement in principle among their core stakeholders). The Debtors filed the Creditor Matrix Motion on the very first day of these cases, seeking to have information redacted in certain filings, and then followed with the Sealing Motion during the initial first three weeks of the case. See ECF No. 14 (Creditor Matrix Motion filed on January 20, 2023); ECF No. 67 (Sealing Motion filed on February 8, 2023); ECF No. 80 (term sheet filed outlining overall structure of a sale). The Debtors didn't file a full sale motion until March 16, 2023, over a month after the Sealing Motion was filed. See generally Sale Motion [ECF No. 133]. On that same day, the Committee filed the Committee Motion setting forth its arguments under Section 107(b). See Committee Motion, filed on March 16, 2023. The Debtors responded shortly thereafter, stating that they did not oppose the relief requested by the Committee, but had concerns regarding protracted litigation on the issue. See Debtors' Omnibus Reply and Statement to (I) the Objection of the United States Trustee, (II) the Statement of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors to the Debtors' Motions to Redact and File Under Seal Certain Confidential Information, and (III) the Motion of the Official Committee of Unsecure Creditors' to Redact Certain Confidential Information ¶ 5 [ECF No. 179] (the "Debtors' Reply"), filed on March 29, 2023.¹³ Given this timeline, the Court does not find any delay in asserting Section 107(b) to be problematic. Moreover, no party suffered any prejudice as a result of the timing here; indeed, the UST does not make such a claim.

13 In that filing, the Debtors explained:

The relief requested in the UCC Motion expands the scope of the proposed redactions to the names of the Debtors' institutional lenders. While the Debtors are prepared to support the expanded relief sought in the UCC Motion, the Debtors are concerned to the extent the relief requested may result in extensive additional litigation, which would be costly and burdensome for the Debtors' estates, especially at this critical time in the Debtors' Chapter 11 Cases.

Debtors' Reply ¶ 5. As it turns out, the Debtors' concerns were well founded.

The UST also suggests that the names of the Lenders do not deserve protection because any sale would contain information beyond just the Lenders' names. See Hr'g Tr. 128:20-129:22 (Apr. 24, 2023). While not fully articulated by the UST, the UST's argument presumably is that the precise contact information—such as addresses and emails—is where the value exists, and the names alone are of no worth. But as explained below in more detail, the undisputed evidence is that contact information for the Lenders can be found on the internet simply by doing a search of just their names. See Hr'g Tr. 27:2-28:13 (Apr. 24, 2023) (Mr. Renzi testifying that that the internet is "very pervasive" and that "[i]f you just have a person's name, you can generally obtain a significant amount of information" including home and business addresses); see also discussion of Section 107(c) infra at 636-38 (discussing whether release of Lender names would create undue risk of identity theft or unlawful injury). The testimony here on this issue is consistent with a recent ruling in the FTX bankruptcy case. See In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 157:10-15 (Bankr. D. Del. June 9, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 1612]. In FTX, the Court found that customers could be identified on the internet using only their names. See id.¹⁴ The Court sees no reason why the conclusion here would be any different.

14 The FTX court based its conclusion on testimony at the hearing of an analysis performed on a subset of the FTX debtors' customers (specifically, the top-200 customers) on whether revelation of names would be enough for competitors to locate the customers. See In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 149:2-150:3 (Bankr. D. Del. June 8, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 1611]. The witness testified that by using only Google, LinkedIn and Twitter—and not the so-called dark web—they were able to identify 46% of the customer subset purely on the basis of names. See id. at 150:4-20. And on a dollar basis, they were able to identify over $1 billion of claims. See id. at 150:21-25.

Given the evidentiary record here, therefore, the Court finds that the Movants have met their burden under Section 107(b) to redact the names, addresses and contact information of the Lenders.¹⁵ The unrebutted evidence shows that release of this information would allow competitors to determine the identity of the Debtors' Lenders and take steps to poach the Lenders, undermining the value of the Debtors' ongoing business. Indeed, several other courts have granted requests for redaction of customer information in cryptocurrency cases. See In re Cred Inc. (Bankr. D. Dec. Dec. 21, 2020) [Case No. 20-12836, ECF Nos. 6, 61, 264] (authorizing debtors to redact names, addresses and e-mail addresses of customers pursuant to motions seeking relief under Sections 107(b) and (c)); In re Voyager Digital Holdings, Inc. (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2022) [Case No. 22-10943 ECF Nos. 112, 113] (authorizing debtor to redact the names of "Confidential Parties," including customers and potential transaction counterparties, from professional retention applications pursuant to Sections 107(b) and (c)); In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 157:10-15 (Bankr. D. Del. June 9, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 1612]. The unrebutted evidence also shows that the information is a valuable asset of the estate that is currently being marketed for sale and that its release would decrease the amount that would be realized from the sale process and have a negative impact on the value of the Debtors' estate.¹⁶

15 The Court also concludes that the information regarding Litigation Counterparties and Potential Counterparties should remain confidential—subject to verification—as agreed to on the record by the Movants and the UST and for the reasons set forth by the Movants. See Hr'g Tr. 71:12-75:8, 80:2-19 (Mar. 30, 2023); Hr'g Tr. 76:7-77:10 (Apr. 24, 2023).

16 Based on the evidence here, a good argument could be made that the Court lacks the discretion to deny the request. See In re Orion, 21 F.3d at 27 ("[I]f the information fits any of the specified categories [in Section 107(b)], the court is required to protect a requesting interested party and has no discretion to deny the application.") (emphasis in original); In re Anthracite, 492 B.R. at 174 ("If the Court finds that one of the exceptions outlined in [Section] 107 apply, it must seal the documents.").

C. Section 107(c)

Section 107(c) provides that:

[t]he bankruptcy court for cause may protect an individual, with respect to the following types of information to the extent the court finds that disclosure of such information would create undue risk of identity theft or other unlawful injury to the individual or the individual's property:

(A) Any means of identification (as defined in [S]ection 1028(d) of title 18) contained in a paper filed, or to be filed, in a case under this title,

(B) Other information contained in a paper described in subparagraph (A).

11 U.S.C. § 107(c)(1). Unlike Section 107(b), the language of Section 107(c) is permissive, stating that the Court "for cause may protect an individual . . . ." 11 U.S.C. § 107(c)(1); see Halo Elecs., Inc. v. Pulse Elecs., Inc., 579 U.S. 93, 93, 136 S.Ct. 1923, 195 L.Ed.2d 278 (2016) ("[T]he "word 'may' clearly connotes discretion.").

Section 107(c) protects individuals from the disclosure of information that would create an undue risk of identity theft or other unlawful injury to them or their property. This information includes "any means of identification" as that phrase is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d). 11 U.S.C. § 107(c)(1)(A). Section 1028(d) of title 18, in turn, describes "means of identification" as "any name or number that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual." 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d).¹⁷ "Home addresses fall within that category of information, as it is taken as a 'given' that they constitute personally identifiable information that is vital information to perpetrators of identity theft, stalking and intimate partner violence alike, and that publishing such information facilitates an identify thief's search for data and a stalker's or abuser's ability to find his or her target." In re Endo Int'l PLC, 2022 WL 16640880, at *10 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 2022) (quoting In re Art Van Furniture, LLC, Case No. 20-10553, Hr'g Tr. 25:13-16 (Bankr. D. Del. Mar. 10, 2022) ("[A]t this point and given the risks associated with having any kind of private information out on the internet, [redaction] has really become routine [and] I think obvious relief."); In re Forever 21, Inc., Case No. 19-12122, Hr'g Tr. 60:22-25 (Bankr. D. Del. Dec. 19, 2019) ("We live in a new age in which the theft of personal identification is a real risk, as is injury to persons who, for personal reasons, seek to have their addresses withheld.")). The same rationale also extends to email addresses. See In re Endo, 2022 WL 16640880, at *10 (noting that good reason existed to redact both home addresses and email addresses, since debtors demonstrated risk of identity theft, stalking, and intimate partner violence).

17 Section 1028 of title 18 defines the term "means of identification" as:

any name or number that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual, including any—

(A) name, social security number, date of birth, official State or government issued driver's license or identification number, alien registration number, government passport number, employer or taxpayer identification number;

(B) unique biometric data, such as fingerprint, voice print, retina or iris image, or other unique physical representation;

(C) unique electronic identification number, address, or routing code; or

(D) telecommunication identifying information or access device (as defined in section 1029(e)) . . .

18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7).

The publication of names alone has been found to heighten the risk of identity theft and other harm. See id. at *11 ("[P]ublishing a list of claimants' names in a searchable format would further compound the risk of identity theft, since that format would render the claimants' information more susceptible to data mining.") (citing Paul G. Stiles & Michael A. Fitts, Research and Confidentiality: Legal Issues and Risk Management Strategies, 17 PSYCH. PUB. POL. & L. 333, 337, 381 n.81 (2011) (noting that large data sets can be vulnerable "to data mining efforts for the purpose of identity theft.")); see also In re FTX Trading Ltd., Case No. 22-11068, Hr'g Tr. at 103:24-104:5 (Bankr. D. Del. Jan. 11, 2023) (court stating that "if you look at [18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)], it says that the information includes names, numbers, or any combination of those two that would allow the identification of an individual. So, certainly, the Criminal Code recognizes that disclosure of a name could result in the identification of an individual and if that individual needs protecting, we need to make sure that that is happening.") (emphasis added); In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 157:8-21 (Bankr. D. Del. June 9, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 1612] (court redacting customer names under Section 107(c), noting that "given the access to, not just . . . Google, Twitter, et cetera—but the dark web, where there's all kinds of information about individuals that can be found with just a name. And [the witness] testified, again, very compellingly, that if they have a name and they are an FTX customer, they can be targeted, and that is what we need to protect here. It's the customers that are the most important issue here. I want to make sure that they are protected and they don't fall victim to any types of scams that might be happening out there.").

The Movants here invoke Section 107(c) as an alternative basis to Section 107(b) to protect the information at issue. The Court agrees that Section 107(c) covers this information. The evidentiary record demonstrates that an undue risk of identity theft or other unlawful injury exists to the Individual Lenders should their names, addresses, or other contact information be released in these bankruptcy cases. As discussed above, redaction of the Individual Lenders' names is important, because contact information—including home addresses—could easily be found on the internet through just use of their names. See Hr'g Tr. 27:2-28:13 (Apr. 24, 2023). Moreover, the Individual Lenders are generally understood to be high net worth investors and therefore at heightened risk of financial or physical harm because of their perceived wealth. See Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 6, 9 (testifying that the risks in the Genesis case are greater than in other crypto bankruptcies because the Genesis Lenders are well known to be high net worth investors); Hr'g Tr. 25:4-9 (Apr. 24, 2023).¹⁸ In fact, to qualify as a Genesis exclusive lender, a creditor must provide proof of over $10 million in investible assets and make a minimum loan of either 100 Bitcoin, 1,000 Ethereum, or $2 million in USD or Stablecoin loans to Genesis. See Hr'g Tr. 101:8-16 (Apr. 24, 2023). The record here reflects that cryptocurrency inherently poses an increased risk of criminal theft attempts because of the near instantaneous and almost irreversible nature of cryptocurrency transactions due to their status as bearer assets. See Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶ 8; Hr'g Tr. 23:23-24:23 (Apr. 24, 2023) (Renzi testifying on specific risks with respect to cryptocurrency). More specifically, Mr. Renzi testified that because cryptocurrency is a bearer asset, someone obtaining a Lender's cryptocurrency keys has control over that cryptocurrency asset. See Hr'g Tr. 24:8-19 (Apr. 24, 2023). Mr. Renzi further testified that it is well documented that criminals will seek to obtain cryptocurrency keys through phishing and other means. See id at 24:20-23.

18 As noted by Debtors' counsel, the connection of an Individual Lenders' name with the amount of their claim listed in the Debtors' Schedules would provide evidence of the value of that Lenders' cryptocurrency assets with Genesis as well as some evidence of the individual Lenders' net worth. See Hr'g Tr. 143:19-144:1 (Apr. 24, 2023).

The record is replete with examples of past harassment, threats and attacks against individuals motivated by the theft of cryptocurrency, none of which were challenged at the hearings on these Motions.¹⁹ For instance, an article in the New York Times described as "startling" the number of bitcoin thieves threatening violence to force cryptocurrency holders to transfer assets through irreversible transactions, including an incident in New York City where a man was held captive until he transferred over $1.8 million worth of Ether, and a man in Phuket, Thailand who was attacked in his apartment until he transferred $100,000 worth of bitcoin to a wallet that the attackers controlled. See Exh. J to Renzi Supp. Decl., New York Times, Bitcoin Thieves Threaten Real Violence for Virtual Currencies, dated Feb. 18, 2018. Another news article in the South China Morning Post detailed how a known cryptocurrency trader in Hong Kong was lured, held against his will and beaten by suspected gang members attempting to force him to pay them HK$30 million cryptocurrency as ransom. See Exh. P. to Renzi Supp. Decl., South China Morning Post, Hong Kong Police Rescue Cryptocurrency Trader Kidnapped by Triad Gang Who Demanded HK$30 Million Ransom, dated Nov. 14, 2021.

19 See supra note 8.

The U.S. government acknowledges the heightened risks involved with cryptocurrency, with numerous federal law enforcement and administrative agencies having issued alerts, bulletins and press releases warning the public of schemes, tactics and incidence of theft or violence against holders of cryptocurrency.²⁰ For instance, the F.B.I. issued a public service announcement that informed the public of the "increasing use of Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) swapping by criminals to steal money from fiat and virtual currency accounts" and specifically recommended that individuals take precautions to protect against theft, including to "not advertise information about financial assets, including ownership or investment of cryptocurrency" and to "avoid posting personal information online, such as mobile phone number, address, or other personal identifying information." See Exh. A to Renzi Supp. Decl., Federal Bureau of Investigation Public Service Announcement, dated February 8, 2022.²¹

20 See supra note 9.

21 The Department of Justice recently issued a press release detailing the arrest and conviction of two defendants who targeted, among others, "executives of cryptocurrency companies and others who likely had significant amounts of cryptocurrency" in a scheme through which approximately $330,000 was stolen through "SIM swapping," computer hacking, and other methods. See Exh. G to Renzi Supp. Decl., U.S. Department of Justice, Two Men Sentenced for Nationwide Scheme to Steal Social Media Accounts and Cryptocurrency, dated Oct. 19, 2022.

Other cryptocurrency bankruptcy cases confirm that the risk exists with the disclosure of information about cryptocurrency owners such as the Individual Lenders. A recent example is In re Celsius Network, LLC, Case No. 22-10964, where Celsius customer names were made public in the case, leading to multiple phishing attempts against those customers. See Notices of Phishing Attempts, In re Celsius Network LLC, Case No. 22-10964 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.) [ECF Nos. 1527, 1681, 1904, 1992, 2082].²² As notices filed on the Celsius docket make clear, some of these phishing attempts appeared to customers as seemingly legitimate contacts from the Celsius debtors and their professionals. Creditors were notified that the Celsius debtors "became aware that phishing emails were being sent to certain of the [d]ebtors' customers purporting to be restructuring associates at Kirkland & Ellis LLC, requesting that customers submit their wallet addresses and other account information to receive claim distributions." Notice of Phishing Attempts, In re Celsius Network LLC (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.) [Case No. 22-10964, ECF No. 1527], attached as Exh. C to Renzi Decl. Customers had to be warned that the emails were "not an authorized message from the [d]ebtors' legal advisors and are likely a phishing scam." Id. In another such attempt, a court order was modified and emailed to Celsius customers purporting to require the customers to submit personal information, including their cryptocurrency wallet address and contact information, and to pay a "filing fee" and "tax fee." See Second Supplemental Notice of Additional Phishing Attempts, In re Celsius Network LLC (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.) [Case No. 22-10964, ECF No. 1904]; attached as Exh. C to Renzi Decl., Third Supplemental Notice of Additional Phishing Attempts, In re Celsius Network LLC (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.) [Case No. 22-10964, ECF No. 1992]; attached as Exh. C to Renzi Decl.

22 The UST relies on Celsius as support for its argument that the Lenders' names should not be redacted. See In re Celsius Network LLC, 644 B.R. 276 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y 2022). The Celsius decision held that the disclosure of the names of the debtors' individual shareholders and customers did not create an undue risk of unlawful injury for purposes of Section 107(c) of the Bankruptcy Code. See id. at 293-94. But Celsius is a different case, with a different set of facts and evidentiary record. Indeed, the Notices of Phishing Attempts occurred only after the Celsius ruling, which was made on a more sparse record than the one presented to this Court.

The Consumer Privacy Ombudsman appointed in connection with the sale of assets in the Celsius case also highlighted the risks associated with the potential exposure of cryptocurrency account information. See generally Consumer Privacy Ombudsman First Report to the Court, In re Celsius Network LLC (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.) [Case No. 22-10964, ECF No. 1948] (the "Ombudsman Report"), attached as Exh. A to Renzi Second Supp. Decl. The Ombudsman noted that in the Celsius cases, "the names of 603,497 individual retail customers, along with their recent Celsius account transactions, were published in the Statement of Financial Affairs . . . and Schedules of Assets and Liabilities . . . ." Ombudsman Report at 32. The Ombudsman noted that the information disclosed in the bankruptcy case was taken and widely disseminated online, stating that:

[a]lmost immediately thereafter, according to blogs on the Internet, someone created a searchable database of the published names and financial transactions. This information could be used to try to determine the identity of particular individuals who may have suffered losses in the case. The most publicized website where the data was published was celsiusnetworth.com. A screenshot of the Celsius Net Worth landing page from the date it was published is available. Counsel for the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors [of Celsius] consulted their forensic experts and advised the Ombudsman that some Reddit sub-threads

have links to the raw data of schedules/statements of financial affairs. . . . This raw data is still published online and can be uploaded into Excel spreadsheets.

Id. at 33. The Ombudsman went on to note that privacy and cybersecurity risks are heightened when dealing with digital assets and that "[c]yber criminals have exploited vulnerabilities in the crypto infrastructure, as well as compromised individual accounts to steal cryptocurrency assets. The hacker attacks are both profit-driven, as well as motivated by a desire to disrupt crypto exchanges. As well, crypto exchanges have been used to facilitate illegal activities." Id. at 35. The Ombudsman also observed that principal policy objectives of an executive order issued by the President of the United States "focus on the importance of protecting consumers and investors in the digital assets ecosystem. . . ." Id. (citing The White House, Executive Order on Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets (March 9, 2022)). The Ombudsman recommended that certain steps be taken to protect Celsius customers and mitigate the risks of phishing and internet crimes in connection with the case going forward, including protections centered on the sale of the Celsius debtors' assets. See id. at 34, 39-43.

In opposing relief under Section 107(c), the UST's first argument relates to the standard. It appears to contend that only a "generalized" fear of identity theft or unlawful injury has been established here and there are no specific threats to customers. See Hr'g Tr. 80:25-81:17 (Mar. 30, 2023) (citing the lack of people contacting the UST to report the receipt of "specific threats"); Hr'g Tr. 104:13-16 (Apr. 24, 2023) (stating there was "generalized fear by customers and [C]reditors that their information will be misused, but there's nothing specific on the record in this case . . . ."). In the UST's view, this is not sufficient. But the Court rejects this reading of the statute. Section 107(c) references "risk," which is defined as the "possibility of loss or injury." See Merriam-Webster.com, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/risk [https://perma.cc/E4YN-5VTV] (last accessed July 13, 2023) (defining of noun "risk"); see also id. (defining verb "risk" as "to expose to hazard or danger"). So while evidence of actual injury or a specific threat against an individual would certainly meet the standard under Section 107(c), the statute does not require it. Instead, it requires an evaluation of the possibility of injury in each case. Given the realities of the twenty-first century, numerous courts have already concluded that release of this kind of information presents such an undue risk, particularly in the world of cryptocurrency. See In re Clover Techs. Grp., LLC, Case No. 19-12680, Hr'g Tr. 24:21-25 (Bankr. D. Del. Jan. 22, 2020) ("To me it is common sense. I don't need evidence that there is, at best, a risk of identity theft and worse a risk of personal injury from listing someone's name and address on the internet by way of the court's electronic case filing system and, of course, the claims agent's website."); In re Anna Holdings, Case No. 19-12551, Hr'g Tr. 48:20-22, 49:3-5 (Bankr. D. Del. Dec. 4, 2019) ("[I]t's just plain common sense in 2019—soon to-be 2020—to put as little information out as possible about people's personal lives to present [sic] scams . . . . [Identity theft is] a real-life issue[.]"); In re Windstream Holdings, Inc., Case No. 19-22312, Hr'g Tr. 88:6-12, 89:5-8 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2019) (noting that the consequences of releasing private information could be "very serious," and "[o]nce [private information is] out there, it's out there."); In re Endo, 2022 WL 16640880, at *10 (quoting In re Motion Seeking Access to 2019 Statements, 585 B.R. 733, 751 (D. Del. 2018)) ("While a specific potential harm must be identified," courts have found that "the standard does not require evidence of injury having occurred in the past or under similar circumstances."). As the record here demonstrates, the risks to the Individual Lenders are "real, not theoretical," and the Court finds that protection is warranted under Section 107(c). In re Endo, 2022 WL 16640880, at *10; see Hr'g Tr. 82:1-16 (Mar. 30, 2023) (Court stating during argument that "where somebody says I've gotten a threat, it's already too late . . . . You can't put the genie back in the bottle."). In opposing relief under Section 107(c), the UST once again has not presented any evidence of its own on the level of risk here, merely arguing that the Movants have failed to satisfy their burden. But the UST has not challenged any of the extensive evidence on risk that was submitted by the Movants, which includes guidance from the Department of Justice—of which the UST is a part—to "not advertise information about financial assets, including ownership or investment of cryptocurrency" and to "avoid posting personal information online, such as mobile phone number, address, or other personal identifying information." See Federal Bureau of Investigation Public Service Announcement, dated February 8, 2022, attached as Exh. A to Renzi Supp. Decl.; see also Exh. C, D, E, F and G to Renzi Supp. Decl.

The UST also argues that parties who have experienced threats or concerns about their safety should come forward and then efforts will be taken to protect them. See Hr'g Tr. 80:22-81:17 (Mar. 30, 2023). But that is not what the statute requires. While the Court welcomes any efforts to protect individuals from harm, the UST's position contemplates first exposing these creditors to the very same risks against which the statute is supposed to protect. Moreover, the UST's position puts the onus on thousands of individual creditors to come forward and argue for protection. But in fact, the Lenders have already come forward—through the Committee that represents them—to voice their concerns about the risks they would face if their information to be disclosed. See Renzi Decl. ¶¶ 10, 12 (noting that the vast majority of unsecured creditors are Lenders that used the Debtors' platform). In its capacity as representative of these unsecured creditors, the Committee filed its Motion to request that these Lenders' information be kept confidential. Indeed, the Committee has acted based on the concerns that have been expressly raised by their constituency. See Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 6-7; Hr'g Tr. 25:20-36:12 (Apr. 24, 2023) (Renzi testifying to attendance at virtual town hall meeting during which dozens of the Debtors' Lenders expressed their concerns about the consequences of the Court denying the Motions); see also Renzi Supp. Decl. ¶ 6 (noting communications the Committee has received from Lenders expressing concerns regarding the release of their personally identifiable information).

The UST highlights instances where a small number of Lenders have publicly identified themselves through emails submitted to the Court, presumably contending that the voluntary sharing of such information dooms the invocation of Section 107(c) here. See, e.g., Exhs. UST 1 and UST 2. The Court disagrees. Nothing about Section 107(c) prevents creditors from identifying themselves if they wish to do so. See, e.g., In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 158:22-159:7 (Bankr. D. Del. June 9, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 1612] (court noting that cryptocurrency customers who are members of official and ad hoc committees of creditors must identify themselves and are not protected under Section 107(b) or (c) from disclosure of their names "because people have a right to know who they're litigating against."); see id. at 159:7-14 (providing that customers currently on the official or ad hoc committees who do not wish to have their names disclosed should be given a chance to resign from the committee before their information is made public). Moreover, the number of Lenders that have publicly identified themselves in this case—a few dozen—pales in comparison to the hundreds of thousands that have not. See, e.g., Hr'g Tr. 42:6-11 (Jan. 23, 2023) [ECF No. 35] (counsel to Ad Hoc Group noting hundreds of thousands of individuals that are creditors); Hr'g Tr. 34:21-35:4 (June 5, 2023) [ECF No. 402] (counsel to Gemini noting there are 232,000 Earn Users that are Lenders to the Debtors); Hr'g Tr. 14:11-13 (July 13, 2023) [ECF No. 531] (counsel to the Committee noting the existence of hundreds of thousands of creditors). Indeed, it is clear from the testimony of Mr. Renzi and the results of the town hall meeting that the majority of Lenders have significant concerns regarding the risks of disclosing their information.

The UST notes that the Lenders in this case were sophisticated individuals that voluntarily did business with Genesis. Based on this fact, the UST argues that the Lenders should be distinguished from those involved in other cases where blanket redactions were permitted, such as opioid or sexual abuse victims, whom the UST characterizes as being involuntarily drawn into a bankruptcy proceeding. See Hr'g Tr. 44:10-46:3, 129:16-130:7 (Apr. 24, 2023). Once again, the Court disagrees. As a threshold matter, this distinction is not present in the statute. And while the Lenders voluntarily chose to do business with Genesis, they also entered that relationship having been provided with an expectation of privacy. More specifically, the loan agreements that the Lenders entered into with Genesis provide for protection of the Lenders' information. See, e.g., MLA, Paragraph XI(a) ("Each Party to this Agreement shall hold in confidence all information obtained from the other Party in connection with this Agreement . . . ."); MLA, Paragraph XI(b) ("Each Party shall (i) keep such Confidential Information confidential and shall not, without the prior written consent of the other Party, disclose or allow the disclosure of such Confidential Information to any third party . . . and (ii) restrict internal access to and reproduction of the Confidential Information to a Party's Representatives only on a need to know basis."); MLA, Paragraph X(c) ("Each Party also agrees not to use Confidential Information for any purpose other than in connection with transactions contemplated by this Agreement."); see also Notice of Filing of Additional Joint Exhibit in Connection With the April 24, 2023 Hearing [ECF No. 284] (attaching version of confidentiality provision applicable to non-Gemini Lenders).²³

23 There are some limited exceptions permitting the sharing of Lender information with certain third parties under specified circumstances. See, e.g., Genesis Privacy Policy, Section 7 (noting that personal information can be shared with other companies or entities that Genesis may merge, combine or consolidate with or be acquired by, and noting that under such circumstances "we will require that the new combined and/or surviving entity (as the case may be) follow this Privacy Notice substantially with respect to your personal information . . . ."). But these exceptions contemplate sharing information necessary for a continuation of the business relationship. None of the exceptions contemplate public disclosure.

The Court recognizes that the UST's objection is motivated by a sincere concern that the exceptions invoked by the Movants not swallow the rule in favor of public transparency of court proceedings. But today's ruling does no such thing. Rather, the Court today applies the existing law to the facts of this case, facts that are essentially undisputed. The Court is not free to ignore the evidentiary record established by the Movants in favor of a policy concern about the next case where Section 107 may be invoked. The next time such an issue is brought before the Court, the Court will analyze the facts in that case to reach an appropriate conclusion under the applicable law.²⁴ Moreover, the Court concludes that its decision today is not at odds with the goal of transparency. The transparency of court proceedings exists to allow the public to understand the issues presented to the Court and their resolution. See, e.g., In re Food Mgmt., 359 B.R. at 553 (noting that public access "fosters confidence among creditors regarding the fairness of the bankruptcy system."). This Court has no doubt that the issues presented in this case—including these Motions—have been presented in a transparent way, such that the public can understand exactly what is before the Court, the parties' arguments and the Court's resolution of the issues. Indeed, it is striking that the UST has not identified anything of intrinsic public interest in the personal information at issue in these Motions. Of course, to the extent that the information at issue in these Motions later becomes relevant to an issue to be decided by the Court, any party—including the Court—reserves the right to seek to unseal the information. This is the standard approach by this Court when sealing any information under Rule 107. See, e.g., S.D.N.Y. Local Bankr. R. 9018-1(b)(6) (noting that a motion to seal must include "a proposed order that contains language indicating the order is without prejudice to the rights of any party in interest, or the United States Trustee, to seek to unseal the documents, or any part thereof.").

24 On a related note, a good argument can be made that Section 107 is outdated in its approach to privacy in our rapidly changing, technologically infused world. Of course, it is not the province of this Court—or the UST for that matter—to rewrite the statute as we see fit. Only Congress can do that.

For all these reasons, the Court finds that the Movants have met their burden under Section 107(c) of establishing an undue risk of harm to individuals in these cases and that the information of the Individual Lenders, including their names, mailing addresses and email addresses should be redacted.²⁵ The Debtors must, however, take all steps necessary to limit the amount of information that is redacted to the minimum necessary to protect the Individual Lenders. Where possible, the Debtors should include placeholder descriptions in substitution of the redacted information.²⁶

25 To be clear, the Court holds that the redaction of physical addresses is clearly necessary to protect the Individual Lenders from being located them in their homes. The redaction of the Individual Lenders' email addresses is necessary to prevent this information from being used in phishing and malware attacks. See Renzi Second Supp. Decl. ¶ 10. The redaction of the Individual Lenders' names is necessary because the disclosure of their names would enable third parties to use online search tools to locate the physical addresses and email addresses of the Individual Lenders. See id.

26 The Debtors cite their need to comply with the UK GDPR, EU GDPR and Singapore PDPA as a basis for redaction under Section 107(c). See Sealing Motion ¶ 23. Of course, foreign privacy laws do not take precedent over U.S. bankruptcy laws requiring the disclosure of information, see Celsius, 644 B.R. at 295, although some courts have recognized that such foreign privacy laws are animated by the same concerns as set forth in Section 107(c). See In re Endo, 2022 WL 16640880, at *12-14.

The Court cannot, however, extend the same protections under Section 107(c) for the information of the Institutional Lenders. See Committee Motion ¶ 4 (requesting redaction of information for not only Individual Lenders but also Institutional Lenders, stating that risks such as phishing, threats, hacking, blackmail, harassment and stalking "is not limited to individual creditors; it applies equally to individuals who are employed by, or associated with, institutional creditors."); see id. ¶ 30 ("The names, addresses, and other personally identifiable information of individuals employed by, or associated with, institutional creditors is frequently available online. Bad actors could easily identify such individuals and engage in impermissible conduct in the same manner as they would with individual creditors."). While the record contains evidence demonstrating that risks do exist for the owners and employees of those businesses, see Exhs. B-F to Renzi Second Supp. Decl., the plain language of Section 107(c) applies only to "individuals." 11 U.S.C. § 107(c); see In re Celsius Network LLC, 644 B.R. at 294 ("The Court does not interpret 'individual' in [S]ection 107(c) to encompass business entities."); see also In re FTX Trading Ltd., Hr'g Tr. 157:22-25 (Bankr. D. Del. June 9, 2023) [Case No. 22-11068, ECF No. 1612] (court declining to grant redaction under Section 107(c) of customer names for "companies or entities"). Accordingly, the Court has no statutory basis to permit the redaction of names of individuals employed by the Institutional Lenders under Rule 107(c). See Hr'g Tr. 117:16-118:3 (Apr. 24, 2023).

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Motions are granted in all respects except as to business entities for purposes of Section 107(c). The Debtors should settle an order on five days' notice. The proposed order must be submitted by filing a notice of the proposed order on the Case Management/Electronic Case Files docket, with a copy of the proposed order attached as an exhibit to the notice. A copy of the notice and proposed order shall also be served upon the UST, the Committee and the Ad Hoc Group.