Summary
considering a previous version of a comparable anti-lapse statute
Summary of this case from Dietrich v. Dietrich (In re Estate of Dietrich)Opinion
Docket No. 88476.
Decided April 7, 1987.
Bean Bean, P.C. (by Wiley E. Bean), for appellants.
Gillard, Bauer, Mazrum Florip (by James L. Mazrum), for appellees.
Appellant brothers of Mary Agnes Fitzpatrick, deceased, appeal as of right from an opinion and order which construes the decedent's last will and testament. The probate court judge found that the testatrix's deceased brothers, Lloyd and Frank Fitzpatrick, were within the class of persons entitled to take under the residuary clause, and thus in accordance with the antilapse statute, MCL 700.134; MSA 27.5134, their children, the appellees, would take by representation in their place. We affirm.
There is no dispute between the parties as to the factual background and no testimony was offered by the parties below to aid in the interpretation of the will because no witnesses were known to either party who had any relevant information. The decedent executed her will on July 8, 1961. At that time she had four living brothers: appellants Robert Fitzpatrick and Emmet Fitzpatrick, and also Frank Fitzpatrick and Irving Fitzpatrick. A fifth brother, Lloyd Fitzpatrick, died in 1956 before the will was executed. At the time of her death in 1985, her only living brothers were the appellants. Irving predeceased the decedent, leaving no issue, and Frank left one child, appellee Colleen Wolfe. Lloyd left four children who survived the decedent and are the remaining appellees in this case.
The will is partially typewritten and partially handwritten. The pertinent provision for our inquiry states:
THIRD: All the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, real, personal and mixed, of whatever nature and wherever situated, which I now own or may hereafter acquire, and to which I may be legally or equitable [sic] entitled at the time of my death, I give, devise and bequesth [sic] as follows:
My share of the farm of which I am co-owner with my brother Irving to my Brother Irving solely.
My car and whatever cash I possess to my Brother Irving.
After all my funeral expenses, and any other debts I may have are paid, I request the remainder of the money be divided among my remaining Brothers. My diamonds are to be sold, and the cash to be divided among my Nieces and Nephews. The remainder of my personal things divided [?-illegible] among my sister-in-laws [sic].
It is not disputed that since Irving predeceased the testatrix without issue, his specific devise and bequests lapsed and became part of the residuary estate. The central issue in this case revolves around the interpretation of the sentence, "after all my funeral expenses, and any other debts I may have are paid, I request the remainder of the money to be divided among my remaining Brothers." Appellants contend that by the use of the phrase "remaining Brothers" the testatrix meant "surviving brothers." Accordingly, they claim, since Robert and Emmet Fitzpatrick were the only two brothers to survive the decedent, all of the residuary bequest belongs to them to the exclusion of the children of Lloyd and Frank.
On the other hand, appellees argue that by the use of the phrase "my remaining Brothers" the decedent meant to give her residuary estate to her "other brothers," that is, her brothers other than Irving. Reading the will this way, the appellees contend that Lloyd and Frank were within the class of persons entitled to the residuary estate and therefore, in accordance with Michigan's antilapse statute, their issue take in their place by representation.
The probate court judge accepted the position of the appellees. The judge reasoned that under Michigan law the antilapse statute will be applied unless the testatrix makes evident by clear and unequivocal language in the will that she desires to dispose of her property in a manner different from that contemplated by the antilapse statute. In this case, while the word "remaining" could reasonably mean brothers other than Irving, it could also reasonably mean surviving brothers. Since the will presents a reasonable doubt as to the testatrix's intent, the court found that the application of the antilapse statute was not avoided. The judge also concluded that the antilapse statute operated to save the bequests of Lloyd Fitzpatrick, who died prior to the execution of the will, and Frank Fitzpatrick, who died after the execution of the will but before the testatrix, and to pass those bequests by representation to the appellees.
Findings of the probate court, sitting without a jury, are to be reversed by this Court only when clearly erroneous. In re Burruss Estate, 152 Mich. App. 660, 663-664; 394 N.W.2d 466 (1986); In re Wojan Estate, 126 Mich. App. 50, 53; 337 N.W.2d 308 (1983), lv den 418 Mich. 873 (1983). While the cardinal rule of interpretation of testamentary instruments is that the intent of the testatrix governs if it can be discovered, where the intent of the testatrix is uncertain, courts must apply rules of construction. In re Hund Estate, 395 Mich. 188, 196; 235 N.W.2d 331 (1975), reh den 395 Mich. 923 (1976); In re Dodge Trust, 121 Mich. App. 527, 542; 330 N.W.2d 72 (1982), lv den 418 Mich. 878 (1983). In this case the will creates a class gift, but the meaning of the phrase "my remaining Brothers" makes the composition of the class ambiguous. The current Michigan antilapse statute, MCL 700.134; MSA 27.5134, explicitly applies to class gifts and states:
Regarding class gifts, the statute is similar to § 2-605 of the Uniform Probate Code, see 8 ULA Master Edition, p 144, where the comment explains:
The section is expressly applicable to class gifts, thereby eliminating a frequent source of litigation. It also applies to the so-called "void" gift, where the devisee is dead at the time of execution of the will. This, though contrary to some decisions, seems justified. It still seems likely that the testator would want the issue of a person included in a class term but dead when the will is made to be treated like the issue of another member of the class who was alive at the time the will was executed but who died before the testator.
Sec. 134. (1) If a lineal descendant of a grandparent of the testator who is designated as a devisee or would have been a devisee under a class gift had the descendant survived the testator, fails to survive the testator, whether the devisee dies before or after the execution of the will, or is deemed to have predeceased the testator, the issue of the deceased devisee who survive the testator by 120 hours shall take in place of the deceased devisee by representation. A person who would be a devisee under a class gift if that person survived the testator is treated as a devisee for purposes of this section whether that persons's death occurred before or after the execution of the will.
(2) Except as provided in subsection (1), if a devise other than a residuary devise fails for any reason, it becomes a part of the residue.
(3) Except as provided in subsection (1), if the residue is devised to 2 or more persons and that share of 1 of the residuary devisees fails for any reason, his or her share passes to the other residuary devisees in proportion to their interests in the residue.
The rules for the construction of a will in light of the antilapse statute are to be applied "unless a contrary intention is indicated by the will." MCL 700.133(2); MSA 27.5133(2); In re Burruss Estate, supra at 665.
As the probate judge stated, the antilapse statute will be applied unless the testator makes evident by "clear and unequivocal language" in the will that he desires to dispose of his property in a manner different from that contemplated by the antilapse statute. Rivenett v Bourquin, 53 Mich. 10, 12; 18 N.W. 537 (1884) (applying the predecessor version of the current antilapse statute). If there is "any reasonable doubt" about whether the testator intended to avoid the application of the statute, the "statutory construction must prevail." Id. The antilapse statute was intended to remedy the common law situation where a devise/bequest to a close relative of the testator lapsed because the relative predeceased the testator and the testator had made no provision for such a contingency. Strong v Smith, 84 Mich. 567, 571-572; 48 N.W. 183 (1891) (explaining purpose of the former antilapse statute). Rather than intending to allow the gift to lapse, it was assumed by the Legislature that the desire of the typical testator would be that the issue of the deceased relative should take in the relative's place if this unforeseen death occurred. Id. Accordingly, the current statute supplies a substitute taker (the issue of the deceased relative) where the relative would have taken under the will had he survived the testator even if the relative dies before or after the execution of the will.
In interpreting the will in the instant case it is evident that the probate court was faced with two plausible explanations of the meaning of the phrase "my remaining brothers." Appellants present several arguments suggesting that the phrase means "my surviving brothers." Most persuasive is their argument that it is not logical to conclude that by using the phrase "remaining Brothers," the decedent meant her "other brothers," especially if the court interpreted "other brothers" to include Lloyd, who was not living at the time the will was executed. They credibly argue that in drafting a will a testator would not use the phrase "remaining brothers" to include a brother already deceased.
The limited case law construing the word "remaining" is of little assistance. In LaMere v Jackson, 288 Mich. 99; 284 N.W. 659 (1939), overruled on other grounds in In re Brown Estate, 362 Mich. 47, 52; 106 N.W.2d 535 (1960), our Supreme Court despaired of giving a definite meaning to a paragraph in a will containing the phrase "remaining brothers and sisters" and declared the paragraph void. Decisions in other jurisdictions have reached results which would support the positions of both sides. Cf. Smith v Myers, 212 Pa. 51; 61 A. 573 (1905) (interpreted phrase "the remaining children" to mean "other children" rather than "surviving children") and Union National Bank v Bunker, 232 Mo. App. 1062, 1066; 114 S.W.2d 193 (1938) (interpreted phase "remaining legatees in this paragraph" to mean "other legatees listed in the paragraph," not "surviving legatees") with Henderson v Henderson, 131 Md. 308, 311-313; 101 A. 691 (1917) (interpreted "remaining son" to mean "surviving son," not "other son") and Marbury v Bouse, 187 Md. 106; 48 A.2d 582 (1946) ("remaining children above named" interpreted to mean "surviving children"). This case law tends to prove only that the word "remaining" lacks the solid technical meaning attached to other words in the law of decedent's estates (e.g., "surviving").
Appellants also argue that, because the "remainder of the money" was to be divided among the "remaining Brothers" after the funeral expenses and other debts were paid, the testatrix only intended to leave property to people who survived her. They assert that the class is ascertained at the time of the testatrix's death and that the antilapse statute is inapplicable until the class is specifically identified at that time. Appellants point to Eberts v Eberts, 42 Mich. 404; 4 N.W. 172 (1880), where our Supreme Court stated that a devise of property to the surviving children of brothers of the testatrix is to be construed as meaning those surviving at her death, and not those who were alive when the will was made. See also Sturgis v Sturgis, 242 Mich. 52; 217 N.W. 771 (1928) (remainder to life tenant's sons, "if any shall survive him," vested in sons surviving testator and not merely in sons surviving life tenant). Indeed, citing these two cases, 23 Michigan Law Practice, § 194, p 500 states:
Under an immediate gift to a class, unless there is a manifestation of a different intention on the part of the testator, membership in the class is to be fixed as of the time of the testator's death, so as to comprehend all answering the class description at that time.
However, 96 CJS, Wills § 695(1)(a), p 35 states that determination of members of a class may also be referable to the date of the will and adds that "[t]he ascertainment of any class which is described in a will should be referred to the earliest possible period consistent with a fair interpretation of the will."
Appellants' other argument, that interpreting "remaining Brothers" to mean brothers other than Irving would result in an unintended and unequal distribution of decedent's estate among her brothers' families, is not so persuasive. As the appellees urge, interpreting "remaining Brothers" to mean brothers other than Irving would likely result in a more nearly equal distribution of the decedent's estate among the brothers' families than would the appellants' proposed testamentary scheme. Assuming the children of the brothers would normally inherit some of their fathers' estates, a roughly equal distribution of the decedent's estate would be achieved because the nieces and nephews would each share in the portions of the decedent's estate which would filter down through their fathers' estates the specific bequests given to them in the will. As appellants would have it, just two of the brothers would receive the entire residuary estate. Thus, assuming the appellants' children will inherit from their fathers, only some of the nieces and nephews would have the benefit of sharing in the portion of the testatrix's estate which they presumably would have inherited from their fathers.
Moreover, as the appellees state, the law favors the construction of a will which will make a distribution most nearly in accordance with the statutes of descent and distribution as the language will permit. In re Horrie Estate, 365 Mich. 448, 454; 113 N.W.2d 793 (1962); Gardner v City National Bank Trust Co, 267 Mich. 270, 279; 255 N.W. 587 (1934); Rivenett, supra at 14. Under the law of descent and distribution, had the decedent died intestate, her residuary estate would have passed to the parties in this appeal in the same manner that it passed by applying the antilapse statute as the probate court did. MCL 700.106(c); MSA 27.5106(c). Thus, the probate court's construction is favored and the appellants' proposed construction is disfavored.
In summary then, faced with almost equally plausible arguments on each side, we cannot conclude that the probate court's construction of the will was clearly erroneous. Having determined that brothers Lloyd and Frank were properly within the class of persons entitled to share the residuary estate, the probate court correctly decided that the antilapse statute prevented their bequests from lapsing. Accordingly, the probate judge properly ruled that the appellees took in place of their fathers.
Affirmed.