Opinion
(5936)
The respondent minor, who had been adjudicated a delinquent after he was found guilty of conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to sell and of being an accessory to possession of marijuana with intent to sell, appealed to this court. Held: 1. The evidence presented was sufficient to support the trial court's determination that the state had proven the elements of conspiracy to possess marijuana beyond a reasonable doubt. 2. The respondent's claim that, to convict him as an accessory to a crime, the state had to prove that he intended to commit the underlying crime personally was contrary to the law. 3. The respondent's claim that the trial court erred in refusing to admit a certain police report into evidence was unavailing; that report was, in fact, admitted.
Argued December 4, 1987
Decision released May 17, 1988
Petition to adjudicate the respondent minor a delinquent, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Hartford, Juvenile Matters at Hartford, and tried to the court, Brenneman, J.; judgment adjudicating the respondent a delinquent, from which the respondent appealed to this court. No error.
Brian S. Carlow, assistant public defender, with whom, on the brief, was Ramona F. Stilley, certified legal intern, for the appellant (respondent).
Bruce A. Tonkonow, state's advocate, for the appellee (state).
This juvenile respondent was adjudicated delinquent by virtue of being found guilty of one count of conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to sell in violation of General Statutes 53a-48 and 21a-279 (b), and one count of being an accessory to possession of marijuana with intent to sell in violation of General Statutes 53a-8 and 21a-279 (b). The respondent appeals, claiming (1) that there was insufficient evidence concerning both counts to prove the respondent delinquent beyond a reasonable doubt, and (2) that the court erred in failing to admit a police officer's report into evidence. We do not find error.
The court could reasonably have found the following facts. Two experienced narcotics police officers had a high crime area on Park Street in Hartford under surveillance. From their observation post, they saw the respondent, a twelve year old juvenile, and his father walk directly from an apartment building to an automobile. The father opened the car's trunk and lifted up a bag containing marijuana and numerous "zip lock" plastic bags of the type used in retailing marijuana. The respondent and his father conversed with their heads down over the open bag as though they were looking into it. A search of the respondent coincident with his arrest at the scene revealed $175 cash in his pocket, in denominations associated with the sale of marijuana. It is common practice in the narcotics trade for sales to involve two individuals, one to hold the contraband and one to hold the money. This procedure is believed in the trade to impede the arrest of either person on a narcotics sale charge. The respondent's witnesses finished conflicting evidence regarding an implausible explanation for this twelve year old boy's carrying $175 cash in his pocket at night in a dangerous area.
The arresting officers testified that money seized in connection with the sale of marijuana usually consisted of bills in five and ten dollar denominations. Conversely, money seized in connection with the sale of cocaine or heroin generally consists of higher denomination bills. The $175 confiscated from the respondent consisted of eight $10 bills, eighteen $5 bills and five $1 bills.
I
The first count charges conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to sell. "To establish the crime of conspiracy under 53a-48 of the General Statutes, the state must show [1] that there was an agreement between two or more persons to engage in conduct constituting a crime and [2] that the agreement was followed by an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy by any one of the conspirators. The state must also show intent on the part of the accused that conduct constituting a crime be performed." State v. Ortiz, 169 Conn. 642, 645, 363 A.2d 1091 (1975).
While the state must prove, as the first element of the crime of conspiracy, the existence of an agreement, it is not required to prove that the agreement has been formalized in any manner. "[I]t is sufficient to show that [the coconspirators] are `knowingly engaged in a mutual plan to do a forbidden act.'" Id., quoting State v. Holmes, 160 Conn. 140, 149, 274 A.2d 153 (1970). Moreover, the absence of direct evidence of such an agreement is not unusual because "conspiracies, by their very nature, are formed in secret and only rarely can be proved otherwise than by circumstantial evidence." State v. Holmes, supra, 150. We further note that it is well settled that circumstantial evidence has the same probative force in proving the existence of an element of a crime as direct evidence. State v. Rollinson, 203 Conn. 641, 666, 526 A.2d 1283 (1987). The evidence presented in this case was sufficient to support the court's finding that an agreement existed.
With regard to the second element of the crime of conspiracy, we conclude that in the present case only limited discussion of the overt act requirement is warranted. This element is satisfied if any party to the conspiracy, not merely the principal participant, commits an overt act in furtherance of the goals of the conspiracy. State v. Ortiz, supra. Therefore, the defendant need not be the party personally committing the act, in order to satisfy the second element of the crime. Id. In the present case, the overt act consisted of the possession of marijuana by the respondent's father, a fact not contested by the respondent.
Finally, with regard to the third element of conspiracy, we note that proof of intent is ordinarily grounded in circumstantial, rather than direct evidence. State v. Smith, 198 Conn. 147, 154-55, 502 A.2d 874 (1985). Although we review the sufficiency of the evidence presented to the trial court, it was for the trial court to decide whether the state had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that there was an agreement to commit a crime and whether the respondent possessed the requisite intent for commission of the crime charged.
Great weight is given to the action of the trial court and every reasonable presumption is made in favor of its correctness; the ultimate issue is whether the trial court could reasonably conclude at it did. State v. Simino, 200 Conn. 113, 116, 509 A.2d 1039 (1986); State v. Summerville, 13 Conn. App. 175, 184-85, 535 A.2d 818 (1988). Given this standard, we conclude there was sufficient evidence, together with the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, to support the conviction of conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to sell.
II
The second count charges the defendant with being an accessory to possession of marijuana with intent to sell. General Statutes 53a-8 provides: "A person, acting with the mental state required for commission of an offense, who solicits, requests, commands, importunes or intentionally aids another person to engage in conduct which constitutes an offense shall be criminally liable for such conduct and may be prosecuted and punished as if he were the principal offender." (Emphasis added.)
To sustain a conviction as an accessory to a crime, the state must prove "a dual intent," that is "`that the accessory have the intent to aid the principal and that in so aiding he intend to commit the offense with which he is charged.' (Emphasis in original.)" State v. Foster, 202 Conn. 520, 525-26, 522 A.2d 277 (1987), quoting State v. Harrison, 178 Conn. 689, 694, 425 A.2d 111 (1979).
The defendant argues that this "dual intent" requirement must be construed to mean that the defendant intended personally to commit the underlying crime. We disagree. Such an interpretation would render the accessory statute nearly meaningless if the defendant did not then go on to commit the underlying crime, or if he was prevented from doing so by intervening forces beyond his control. Under the defendant's reasoning, for example, a person who intentionally obtained and furnished a gun to a robber would not be guilty of being an accessory to robbery if he did not intend to also go forward and participate in the actual robbery. This is not the law. It would be sufficient for conviction as an accessory if the gun supplier merely knew that he was furnishing the robber with a weapon to be used in the robbery. In the applicable words of the statute, he could properly be found to be "a person who . . . intentionally aids another person to engage in conduct which constitutes an offense . . . ." General Statutes 53a-8.
In the present case, there was sufficient evidence, together with the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, for the trial court to find that the respondent was more than a mere inactive or passively acquiescing companion. See, e.g., State v. Maltese, 189 Conn. 337, 343-44, 455 A.2d 1343 (1983). Experienced narcotic police officers testified to the significance of the role of a money holder in the marijuana sales trade. The trial court was at liberty to disbelieve the witnesses' implausible explanation for the child's presence in a dangerous area at night, in possession of a large sum of cash in denominations typical of marijuana sales. In light of the respondent's admitted knowledge of his father's possession of marijuana and materials suitable for the marijuana's sale, and in light of this court's duty to provide every reasonable presumption of correctness to the trial court's action, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in evaluating the credibility of witnesses, in determining facts, and in drawing logical and reasonable inferences from those facts. "We cannot say that the inferences leading to the defendant's convictions were illogical or unreasonable." State v. Vincent, 194 Conn. 198, 208-209, 479 A.2d 237 (1984).
III
The respondent's third claim of error is that the court "refus[ed] to admit the police report into evidence. . . ." The gravamen of this claim is that the report constituted a prior inconsistent statement which could be used to prove the matters addressed therein and to attack its author's credibility. See State v. Whelan, 200 Conn. 743., 753, 513 A.2d 86, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 994, 107 S.Ct. 597, 93 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986).
The transcript discloses that the officer's report was admitted into evidence, marked "Respondent's # 1" and was read by the court. Accordingly, any discussion by this court of the admissibility of this statement could have only academic interest. It is established policy to refuse to entertain purely academic issues. Shays v. Local Grievance Committee, 197 Conn. 566, 571, 499 A.2d 1158 (1985).
We also note that the appellant appears to argue that his use of the police officer's report was improperly restricted by the trial court. A review of the transcript indicates that the report was entered into evidence for substantive as well as impeachment purposes. See State v. Whelan, 200 Conn. 743, 753, 513 A.2d 86, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 994, 107 S.Ct. 597, 93 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986).