Opinion
Docket No. 151351.
Submitted March 15, 1994, at Detroit.
Decided May 2, 1994, at 10:20 A.M.
Bodman, Longley Dahling (by Jerold Lax and Sandra L. Sorini), for the petitioner.
Hewson Van Hellemont, P.C. (by Jerald Van Hellemont), for the respondents.
Appellants appeal as of right from an order dated March 30, 1992, of the Washtenaw County Probate Court distributing wrongful death proceeds. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
Ralph Durbin and Joyce Durbin were married for twenty-six years. Both had been married previously. Joyce had four children from her prior marriage: Jack Ketchum, Gary Ketchum, Sandra Dionne, and Judy Brown. Ralph had three children from his prior marriage: Harry Durbin, Richard Durbin, and Wesley Durbin. No children were born as a result of Ralph and Joyce's marriage.
On November 16, 1989, Ralph and Joyce were involved in a serious automobile accident with another vehicle. Joyce died on January 18, 1990, as a result of injuries suffered in the accident. Ralph remained hospitalized until April 19, 1990. The driver of the other vehicle involved was insured through Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company. A settlement agreement was reached and the insurer agreed to pay the policy limits of $500,000. Ralph Durbin received a check for $250,000 and the estate of Joyce Durbin received a check for the same amount.
A petition for authority to distribute proceeds of the estate of Joyce Durbin was filed on July 18, 1991, by the personal representative of the estate, Ralph Durbin. The probate court ordered on August 2, 1991, that $375,000 of the $500,000 settlement amount be provisionally distributed to Ralph and that the remaining $125,000 be divided among the other interested persons. Those persons, however, were unable to reach an agreement regarding the distribution of the proceeds, so an evidentiary hearing was held on March 23, 1992.
Following the hearing, the probate court issued an amended order distributing proceeds on March 30, 1992, as follows: (1) $350,000 to Ralph Durbin, (2) $50,000 to the estate of Joyce Durbin for her conscious pain and suffering, (3) $100,000 to be distributed as follows — 37.5 percent or $9,375 each to decedent's children (Jack Ketchum, Gary Ketchum, Sandra Dionne, Judy Brown) — 25 percent or $8,333 each to decedent's stepchildren (Harry Durbin, Richard Durbin, Wesley Durbin) — 22.5 percent or $2,500 each to decedent's grandchildren (Johnny Ketchum, Billy Ketchum, June Hunt, Carolyn Earnest, Michael Pachey, Johnny Pachey, Jeannette Pachey, Greg Dionne, Tammy Dionne) — 15 percent or $3,000 each to decedent's great-grandchildren (Matthew Hunt, Kristina Hunt, Chris Earnest, Amber Earnest, Tommy Pachey).
Appellants claim that the probate court erred in distributing proceeds to those persons who had not filed a claim pursuant to the applicable provision of the Probate Code, MCL 700.222; MSA 27.5222. Because this issue is one of statutory interpretation, it is a question of law and is reviewed for error on appeal. Smeets v Genesee Co Clerk, 193 Mich. App. 628, 633; 484 N.W.2d 770 (1992); People v Thomas, 438 Mich. 448, 452; 475 N.W.2d 288 (1991).
It is undisputed that a notice of hearing and notice to present claims was filed by the personal representative, Ralph Durbin, on July 8, 1991. All the parties on appeal agree that this case is governed by the Probate Code rather than by the wrongful death act because there was no action pending under the wrongful death act. MCL 600.2922(9); MSA 27A.2922(9). Accordingly, we must determine whether the trial court erred in distributing proceeds pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Probate Code, MCL 700.221; MSA 27.5221 and MCL 700.222; MSA 27.5222.
MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f) provides:
A person who may be entitled to damages under this section must present a claim for damages to the personal representative on or before the date set for hearing on the petition for distribution of the proceeds. The failure to present a claim for damages within the time provided shall bar the person from making a claim to any of the proceeds.
A fundamental rule of statutory construction is to ascertain the purpose and intent of the Legislature in enacting a provision. Farrington v Total Petroleum, Inc, 442 Mich. 201, 212; 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993). Where the language of a statute is clear, there is no need for judicial interpretation and the statute must be applied as written. Id., p 208. A provision of a statute must be construed in light of the other provisions to carry out the apparent purpose of the Legislature. Id., p 209.
We find the provision set forth in MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f) to be clear and unambiguous. In the instant case, Sandra Dionne, Harry Durbin, Richard Durbin, Wesley Durbin, June Hunt, Carolyn Earnest, Michael Pachey, Johnny Pachey, Jeannette Pachey, Greg Dionne, and Tammy Dionne did not make a claim upon the personal representative on or before the date set for hearing on the petition for distribution of proceeds. Further, these interested persons cannot complain about lack of notice because the notice of hearing and notice to present claims stated the following:
[I]f you claim to be entitled to damages as a result [of] the wrongful death of Joyce M. Durbin or as a result of injuries resulting in her death, you must present a claim for damages to the Personal Representative on or before the date set for hearing on the Petition for distribution [August 1, 1991] of the proceeds. Your failure to present a claim within the time provided shall bar you from making a claim to any of the proceeds.
Accordingly, the failure of these interested persons to make a claim to the personal representative on or before the date set for hearing bars them from making a claim to any of the proceeds. MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f).
We cannot agree with appellees' argument that the court was not prohibited from awarding proceeds to persons entitled to proceeds under the statute because MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f) only bars people from making a claim but not from sharing in the distribution. MCL 700.222(d); MSA 27.5222(d) permits the court to distribute the proceeds to those persons designated in MCL 600.2922(3); MSA 27A.2922(3). However, were we to allow the probate court to distribute proceeds to those persons who had not made a claim as mandated by MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f), we would effectively nullify that provision.
A statute must be read in its entirety and the meaning given to one section arrived at after consideration of other sections so as to produce, if possible, an harmonious and consistent enactment as a whole. Huspen v T H, Inc, 200 Mich. App. 162, 165; 504 N.W.2d 17 (1993). To accept appellees' argument would be to effectively ignore the provision set forth in MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f). This we cannot do.
Accordingly, the probate court erred in distributing proceeds to those who had not made a claim pursuant to MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f). We therefore remand to the lower court to distribute the proceeds to those persons who made a claim and to the estate of the deceased for compensation for conscious pain and suffering in a fair and equitable manner after considering the relative damages suffered by each of the persons. MCL 700.222(d); MSA 27.5222(d).
Because of our resolution of this issue, we need not address appellants' second issue that the probate court's distribution of the proceeds was clearly erroneous. We only remind the parties that the distribution on remand should be in amounts the court considers to be fair and equitable considering the relative damages sustained by the parties.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
HOLBROOK, JR., J. I concur in the result only.
Judge JANSEN's opinion in this case, relying on § 222(f) of the Probate Code, MCL 700.222(f); MSA 27.5222(f), which provides that failure to present a claim bars that person from "making a claim," establishes a bright-line rule that says that no person can be awarded any part of the proceeds of a wrongful death settlement if that person has not filed a formal claim.
The adoption of this bright-line rule would prevent the probate court from following the dictates of § 222(d) of the Probate Code, MCL 700.222(d); MSA 27.5222(d), which directs the court to enter an order distributing the proceeds to those persons designated in § 2922(3) of the Revised Judicature Act of 1961, MCL 600.2922(3); MSA 27A.2922(3), who suffered damages in the amount the court considers fair and equitable considering the relative damages sustained by each of the persons and the estate of the deceased.
Section 222(d) of the Probate Code requires the probate court to distribute the proceeds "to those persons designated in section 2922(3) of the revised judicature act of 1961 . . . who suffered damages . . . in the amount as the court considers fair and equitable considering the relative damages sustained by each of the persons. . . ." Nowhere does that section (or any other section) direct the court to distribute the proceeds only to the persons who filed claims.
Section 222(f) of the Probate Code bars a person who fails to present a claim on or before the date set for hearing on the petition for distribution of the proceeds "from making a claim" to any of the proceeds. Nowhere does that section or any other section bar the probate court from complying with the mandates of MCL 700.222(d); MSA 27.5222(d).
Judge JANSEN, in effect, adds the words "and who filed a claim" to the language of § 222(d). Statutes should be interpreted according to their words whenever possible. The result reached by the majority cannot be accomplished without reading into the legislation words that do not physically appear in the statute.
It is argued that failure to adopt Judge JANSEN's bright-line rule would emasculate the requirement for making the claim. I respectfully disagree with that conclusion. As in other situations where persons fail to make claims such as when answering a complaint filed in a court of law, the court is not obliged to grant all the relief prayed for by the plaintiff. The court retains its authority to do substantial justice. Failure to present a claim (or to present an answer in another situation) prevents the person who did not present a claim (or present an answer) from participating in the proceedings, i.e., from "making a claim."
Judge JANSEN's bright-line rule sets up a situation that could lead to results that this writer believes could not have been contemplated by the Legislature. For example, if the decedent were to die intestate leaving two children, one of whom was in prison because he had grievously assaulted his mother for years, he might receive the entire proceeds from her wrongful death merely because he was sufficiently involved to file the proper piece of paper with the court. The other son who had stayed by and comforted and supported his mother in her lifetime and whose emotions were so affected by the loss that he did not file the right piece of paper would receive nothing.
It is certainly true that courts cannot prevent injustice. It is also true that courts have the right and duty to enforce procedural rules established by law. However, this writer believes that the rules are sufficiently enforced by excluding from active participation in the proceedings those who fail to file a claim. It is sufficient that they will not be allowed to complain of the result reached. The judge should not be compelled to knowingly perpetrate an injustice merely because of the inaction of some individual who might otherwise be allowed to participate.
In my opinion, the procedure set by the Legislature was established to make sure that the due process rights of those who might have an interest in the estate were protected, both those who filed claims and those who did not. Due process is adequately preserved by giving notice and excluding those who do not file from participation in the process. It does not require a judge to perpetrate an injustice when justice can be accomplished without the participation of all persons who might otherwise be entitled to participate.
In the case at bar, the personal representative of the estate asserts that he was aware of all those who might be said to have suffered from the decedent's death. He makes no objection to the award by the probate court. The probate judge listened to the evidence presented by those who had filed claims and concluded that the distribution of a small portion of the estate to some who had not filed claims was equitable and in compliance with the mandates of § 222(d) of the Probate Code. In my opinion, the probate judge was correct in concluding that the statute authorized distributions to those who had not filed formal claims in court and that such a distribution should be made in this case. I am not convinced that the probate judge abused his discretion in the particular distribution in this case.
Finally, the majority would remand this case to the probate court for a new hearing on distribution of the proceeds. The statute expressly permits claims to be presented on the date set for hearing the petition for distribution. It would appear that those persons who have been excluded thus far by the majority's decision should be permitted to file their claims at or before the new hearing.
I would write for reversal had the appellants identified any harm that they suffered or could suffer in the presentation of their own claims. However, they have not done so and I have been unable to do so.
I would affirm the decision of the probate court.