Opinion
Docket No. 45263.
Decided December 16, 1980. Leave to appeal applied for.
George B. Mullison, Prosecuting Attorney, and Thomas J. Rasdale, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for plaintiff.
Patterson, Gruber Kennedy, P.C., for defendant.
Before: V.J. BRENNAN, P.J., and ALLEN and BEASLEY, JJ.
District Court Judge Paul Harvey appeals as of right a May 8, 1979, order of superintending control issued by the circuit court of Bay County requiring him to bind over all persons charged with larceny in a building, MCL 750.360; MSA 28.592, where the facts, established at a preliminary examination, indicate that the crime has been committed and that there is probable cause to believe the accused committed the offense. We reverse.
February 20, 1978, Dennis Wayne Rytlewski, age 17, was arrested for stealing a $15 pair of pants from a store and was charged with the offense of larceny in a building. At the preliminary examination, testimony was offered which clearly established that the offense charged had been committed and that probable cause existed to charge Rytlewski with the crime. At the conclusion of proofs offered at the preliminary examination, defense counsel moved to dismiss the charge on grounds that under People v Carmichael, 86 Mich. App. 418, 422; 272 N.W.2d 667 (1978), a defendant in shoplifting situations should be charged with simple larceny rather than with larceny in a building. Judge Harvey agreed but offered the prosecution the option of charging simple larceny.
The prosecutor declined to reduce the charge and on March 27, 1979, filed a petition in circuit court seeking a writ of superintending control against Judge Harvey for refusal to bind Rytlewski over to circuit court. The matter was assigned to the then recently elected Judge Eugene C. Penzien, who formerly had been the Bay County prosecutor and who had argued Carmichael before the Court of Appeals. A motion was made to disqualify Judge Penzien on grounds that he was prejudiced. Meanwhile, similar proceedings were taking place at a preliminary examination in the case of People v Larry Frank Welzin. Following hearings on both the Rytlewski and Welzin matters, Judge Penzien denied the motions to disqualify, granted superintending control in both cases and ordered Judge Harvey to bind over Rytlewski to circuit court on the charge of larceny in a building. Additionally, the court instructed that Carmichael did not require a district judge to refrain from binding over for trial an individual charged with larceny in a building where the facts presented at preliminary examination established probable cause to believe that the person charged had committed the crime. It was further ordered that, if evidence at the Welzin preliminary examination established probable cause to believe that Welzin committed the offense charged, Judge Harvey was to bind Welzin over on that charge. The writ and orders in both cases were issued May 8, 1979. From such orders, defendant appeals.
On March 16, 1979, a preliminary examination was held in the case of People v Larry Frank Welzin before Judge Harvey. Welzin was charged with larceny in a building, but Judge Harvey dismissed on the authority of Carmichael. The prosecutor then sought superintending control and joined that matter with the writ sought in Rytlewski. A motion to disqualify Judge Penzien on grounds of prejudice was filed by counsel for Welzin.
We first decide whether a writ of superintending control is the proper method by which to review the district court's failure to bind over persons charged with larceny in a building, and, if so, whether the circuit judge should be disqualified on grounds of prejudice. A writ of superintending control is an extraordinary remedy and is not available where there is a plain, speedy and alternative remedy, GCR 1963, 711.2. An alternative method of review was available to the prosecutor, viz., appeal to circuit court pursuant to MCL 600.8342; MSA 27A.8342 with right to appeal by leave to this Court. Oakland County Prosecutor v 46th District Court Judge, 72 Mich. App. 564; 250 N.W.2d 127 (1977), People v Recorder's Court Judge, 73 Mich. App. 150, 154; 250 N.W.2d 809 (1977).
However, we do not believe that the prosecutor is mandated to employ the alternative method of review where, as here, a policy decision affecting all similar cases was involved. The district judge clearly indicated a general policy on his part to refuse to bind over all persons charged with larceny where the value of the items taken would be cognizable as simple larceny. In such circumstances, the alternative method of review would not have afforded an adequate remedy. Accordingly, we conclude that on the matter before us a writ of superintending control was the proper method of review.
People v Polk, 59 Mich. App. 191; 229 N.W.2d 374 (1975), holds that a writ of superintending control is the exclusive method of review in cases where the magistrate dismisses an action at the close of preliminary examination. But Polk has been questioned and other cases hold it is not the exclusive method of review. People v McCoy, 75 Mich. App. 164, 170-172; 254 N.W.2d 829 (1977).
We find no error in Judge Penzien's refusal to disqualify himself. Bias or prejudice must be clearly demonstrated. People v Page, 83 Mich. App. 412, 419; 268 N.W.2d 666 (1978). A judge's view of the law, even if strongly held, is not grounds for disqualification. Laird v Tatum, 408 U.S. 1; 92 S.Ct. 2318; 33 L Ed 2d 154 (1972). The fact that the circuit judge was the former prosecutor who argued the Carmichael appeal in this Court is not a sufficient showing of prejudice.
This brings us to the central question raised on appeal in this matter. Did Judge Harvey violate a clear legal duty in failing to bind over Rytlewski and Welzin on charges of larceny in a building when the amount taken was under the value of $100 and could have been charged as a simple larceny misdemeanor? The question raised is of first impression.
Prior to Carmichael, it was settled law that an accused could be charged with the offense of larceny in a building even though the property taken was under the value of $100, and the offense could, in the prosecutor's discretion, be properly charged as simple larceny, a misdemeanor. People v Shepard, 63 Mich. App. 316; 234 N.W.2d 502 (1975), People v Midgyett, 49 Mich. App. 663; 212 N.W.2d 754 (1973), People v Graves, 31 Mich. App. 635; 188 N.W.2d 87 (1971). In Carmichael, a unanimous panel opined that "it was not the intent of the Legislature to have the larceny in a building statute applicable in shoplifting cases". Thus, Carmichael represented a substantial deviation from prior law.
Panels of this Court constitute courts of equal dignity, and a decision of one does not overrule a prior decision of another. People v Patton, 69 Mich. App. 330; 244 N.W.2d 467 (1976). Under such circumstances, a trial court is entitled to choose which line of cases to follow. Though the language in Carmichael, upon which the trial court relied, was technically dicta, it was language directed at the prevailing practice of the prosecuting attorney's office in Bay County. Thus we cannot fault the district judge's reliance on Carmichael in the instant case. Though two subsequent cases have deviated from the rule laid down in Carmichael (Evans, supra, and People v Hart, 98 Mich. App. 273; 296 N.W.2d 235), the propriety of the trial court's decision must be considered in light of the substantive law as it then existed and not as it subsequently developed. Marshall v Pech, 95 Mich. App. 454; 291 N.W.2d 78 (1980).
People v Evans, 94 Mich. App. 4, 11; 287 N.W.2d 608 (1979).
Given the fact that Carmichael was specifically concerned with alleged overcharging by the prosecutor's office of Bay County and was the latest expression of the law at the time, and given the further fact that the value of the property taken was minimal, we are unable to find an abuse of discretion. At the time Judge Harvey refused to bind over Rytlewski and Welzin, Carmichael was viable authority upon which Judge Harvey could rely for his decision. Not all members of this panel agree with Carmichael, but all members do agree that, because of Carmichael, defendant's refusal to bind over was not an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, a writ of superintending control should not have been issued.
Our decision in this regard makes it unnecessary to consider the remaining issues raised by defendant.
Reversed and remanded in accordance with this opinion.
I concur in the result reached by the majority.
The district judge was entitled to rely on the decision of this Court in People v Carmichael. However, I do not agree with all that was said in Carmichael.
86 Mich. App. 418; 272 N.W.2d 667 (1978).
A county prosecutor has a wide, although not unlimited, discretion in choosing a statute under which to charge a suspected offender. People v Evans deals with this issue in greater detail and is in conflict with Carmichael. Until the Supreme Court resolves these conflicting viewpoints, a lower court enjoys an option to follow whichever view is found more persuasive.
94 Mich. App. 4; 287 N.W.2d 608 (1979).
Ordinarily, where a prosecutor seeks to appeal from an adverse finding on his motion to bind over, the proper remedy is appeal. See, People v McCoy. However, where, as here, a district judge interprets a statute in several pending cases in a way that a prosecutor believes is erroneous, I would permit use of the extraordinary remedy of superintending control.
75 Mich. App. 164; 254 N.W.2d 829 (1977).
Except in these respects, I concur in the majority opinion.