Summary
affirming use of automatic escalation clause where obligor can seek modification of the order
Summary of this case from GLEW v. GLEWOpinion
No. 81-212
Decided April 7, 1982
1. Divorce — Custody and Support of Children — Discretion of Court The supreme court will not overturn an order for child support absent an abuse of discretion by the trial court.
2. Divorce — Custody and Support of Children — Discretion of Court Where the trial court ordered the husband, following a divorce action, to pay $90 per week in child support for the parties' two children, where the husband earned $275.60 per week, with a take-home pay of $193.10 per week, and claimed only one tax exemption, although the divorce decree allowed him to claim tax exemption for both the children, the order was affirmed based on the record, including evidence that the husband did not have sufficient income to provide for the support of the children, which showed no abuse of discretion and where the wife testified that she would pay the college tuition for the children.
3. Divorce — Custody and Support of Children — Education Expenses Although child support payments may not ordinarily be ordered for children over eighteen, the supreme court has recognized that support may be awarded for higher education in appropriate circumstances.
4. Divorce — Custody and Support of Children — Education Expenses Where the trial court, following a divorce action, ordered the husband to make child support payments for the parties' children, who were aged nineteen and sixteen at the time of the final hearing, so that the husband paid $90 per week until the elder daughter reached the age of twenty-three, was no longer attending college full time, or married, whichever condition occurred first, at which time, the support was to be reduced to $65.00 per week until the younger daughter satisfied the same three conditions, whereupon support payments would cease, the order was proper in that it provided that support would continue after age 18 only while each daughter was single and in college full time.
5. Divorce — Custody and Support of Children — Particular Cases Where the trial court, following a divorce action, ordered the husband to maintain all current health and/or dental coverage on each of two children who were aged nineteen and sixteen at the time of the final hearing, until one of the conditions terminating the support payments occurred, and to maintain his current life insurance policies, naming the two children as beneficiaries until the younger child satisfied one of the conditions so as to terminate support payments, the order was justified and the court did not abuse its discretion, since the order would continue after age 18 only while each daughter was single and in college full time.
6. Divorce — Custody and Support of Children — Ability To Pay The inclusion of a clause in a child support order that automatically escalated the amount of child support with increases in the father's wages so that his support obligation was increased by thirty percent of any increase in his wages while both children were dependent on his support and increased by twenty percent of any increase in his wages when only the younger child was dependent on him, was proper where the amounts correspond roughly to the percentage of his gross income that the father was obliged to pay under the original order, and was a sensible response to economic pressures, would reduce the need for parties to continually return to court to seek to modify support decrees, provided cost-of-living increases in support payments as the ability of the supporting party to undertake the obligation increased, and the supporting party could still return to court for a modification of the order if he received a substantial increase in salary unrelated to a cost-of-living increase. RSA 458:32.
7. Divorce — Custody and Support of Children — Ability To Pay Triers of fact should consider increases in a custodial spouse's income when drafting or modifying support orders.
8. Divorce — Property Settlement — Business Interests Supreme court found no abuse of discretion and the evidence in the record supported a master's division of property, which awarded a business to the former wife, following a divorce action, where the former wife had founded and continuously operated the business and since the supreme court has held that a closely held business should not be divided where one party was primarily involved with the business and had devoted substantial time to its growth and maintenance.
9. Appeal and Error — Findings — Master's Findings A master need only make findings, in narrative form, of the essential facts which are sufficient to support his decision.
Sanders McDermott P.A., of Hampton (Wilfred L. Sanders, Jr., on the brief and orally), for the plaintiff.
John A. Macoul, of Salem, and James C. Hyde of Lawrence, Massachusetts (Mr. Macoul and Mr. Hyde on the brief, and Mr. Macoul orally), for the defendant.
The defendant husband appeals the property division and child-support orders issued following the couple's divorce for irreconcilable differences. We affirm in all respects the recommendation of the Master (Douglas R. Gray, Esq.), approved by the Trial Court (Dalianis, J.).
[1, 2] First, the defendant argues that the support award of $90 per week for the couple's two children, to be reduced to $65 per week when the elder child is no longer dependent, is excessive. The defendant presently earns $275.60 per week. Although the defendant presently takes home only $193.10 per week, we note that he has claimed only one tax exemption and that the decree, to the extent permitted by federal law, allowed him to claim tax exemptions for both the children. See MacDonald v. MacDonald, 122 N.H. 339, 343, 443 A.2d 1017, 1019 (1982). This court will not overturn a support order absent an abuse of discretion below. See Hanson v. Hanson, 121 N.H. 719, 720, 433 A.2d 1310, 1311 (1981). On the record before us, including evidence that the plaintiff did not have sufficient income to provide for the support of the children, we cannot find such an abuse. Furthermore, the plaintiff testified that she will pay the college tuition for the children. Accordingly, we affirm the support order.
[3, 4] Next, the defendant argues that the support order improperly orders support payments for the couple's children (at the time of the final hearing, aged nineteen and sixteen) that may extend past the age of majority. We disagree. Ordinarily, support payments may not be ordered for children over eighteen. This court, however, has recognized that support may be awarded for higher education in appropriate circumstances. See French v. French, 117 N.H. 696, 699-701, 378 A.2d 1127, 1128-29 (1977); Payette v. Payette, 85 N.H. 297, 298, 157 A. 531, 531-32 (1931). The master ordered, in substance, that the defendant pay $90 per week until the elder daughter reached the age of twenty-three, was no longer attending college full time, or married, whichever condition occurred first. At that time, the support was to be reduced to $65 per week until the younger daughter satisfied the same three conditions, whereupon support payments would cease. We interpret the master's order, as providing that support will continue after age 18 only while each daughter is single and in college full time.
The defendant next challenges the portion of the decree that requires him to maintain all current health and/or dental coverage on each child until one of the conditions terminating the support payments occurs and to maintain his current life insurance policies, naming the two children as beneficiaries, until the younger child satisfies one of the above conditions. The health and/or dental coverage is justified by the same reasoning as the support payments discussed above. While requiring that both children be named beneficiaries under the life insurance policies until the younger child is no longer dependent is more troublesome, we do not find it such a clear abuse of discretion as to require reversal.
The defendant next challenges the inclusion of a clause automatically escalating the amount of child support with increases in the defendant's wages. His support obligation is to be increased by thirty percent of any increase in his wages while both children are dependent on his support and increased by twenty percent of any increase in his wages when only the younger child is dependent on him. These amounts correspond roughly to the percentage of his gross income that the defendant is now obliged to pay for child support.
[6, 7] While this type of arrangement has never before been passed on by this court, it has been approved by courts in many other jurisdictions. See, e.g., Golden v. Golden, 230 Ga. 867, 867, 199 S.E.2d 796, 797-98 (1973); Vollenhover v. Vollenhover, 4 Ill. App.2d 44, 46-47, 123 N.E.2d 114, 115 (1954); Petersen v. Petersen, 85 N.J. 638, 642-46, 428 A.2d 1301, 1303-04 (1981); In re Marriage of Mahalingam, 21 Wn. App. 228, 232-36, 584 P.2d 971, 975-77 (1978). We agree that the inclusion of an automatic escalation clause is a sensible response to the economic pressures that this country has been experiencing for some time. Its use will reduce the need for parties to continually return to court to seek to modify support decrees. See Mahalingam, id. at 236 n. 10, 584 P.2d 977 n. 10. The escalation clause provides cost-of-living increases in support payments as the ability of the supporting party to undertake the obligation increases. Of course, the supporting party will be able to return to court for a modification of the order if he receives a substantial increase in salary unrelated to a cost-of-living increase. See RSA 458:32. Triers of fact should also consider increases in the custodial spouse's income when drafting or modifying support orders. See Logan v. Logan, 120 N.H. 839, 842-43, 424 A.2d 403, 405 (1980).
Next, the defendant argues that the master's division of property, including the award of a business to the plaintiff, constituted an abuse of discretion. See Henderson v. Henderson, 121 N.H. 807, 809, 435 A.2d 133, 135 (1981); Goudreault v. Goudreault, 120 N.H. 140, 140, 412 A.2d 736, 736 (1980). Upon a review of the record, we disagree.
The master found that the business in question, the Bridaloft, was founded and continuously operated by the plaintiff. There is evidence in the record to support his finding. See Henderson v. Henderson, 121 N.H. at 810, 435 A.2d at 135. We have previously held that a closely held business should not be divided where one party was primarily involved with the business and had devoted substantial time and toil to its growth and maintenance. See Grandmaison v. Grandmaison, 119 N.H. 268, 271, 401 A.2d 1057, 1059 (1979).
As to the division of the rest of the property, we cannot say that it is so inequitable as to require reversal. See Hanson v. Hanson, 121 N.H. at 720, 433 A.2d at 1311; Azzi v. Azzi, 118 N.H. 653, 656, 392 A.2d 148, 150 (1978). In addition to a portion of the bank accounts and one car, the defendant also received an unencumbered interest in his company pension, see MacDonald v. MacDonald, 122 N.H. at 342, 443 A.2d at 1017, 1018, and the defendant will also receive one-half of the proceeds from the sale of the marital home as soon as the younger daughter reaches eighteen or graduates from high school.
Finally, the defendant contends that the master failed to address or rule on certain of his requests for findings of fact and rulings of law. A master need only make findings, in narrative form, of the essential facts which are sufficient to support his decision. Pugliese v. Town of Northwood, 119 N.H. 743, 749, 408 A.2d 113, 117 (1979); R. J. Berke Co. v. J. P. Griffin, Inc., 116 N.H. 760, 767, 367 A.2d 583, 588 (1976). The master here has done so.
Affirmed.
All concurred.