Harvey v. City of South Lake Tahoe

Full title: DANIEL THOMAS HARVEY, Plaintiff, v. CITY OF SOUTH LAKE TAHOE; EL DORADO…

Court: UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

Date published: Aug 9, 2011

No. CIV S-10-1653 KJM EFB PS (E.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2011)

Opinion

No. CIV S-10-1653 KJM EFB PS

08-09-2011

DANIEL THOMAS HARVEY, Plaintiff, v. CITY OF SOUTH LAKE TAHOE; EL DORADO COUNTY; ANDREW EISSINGER; CHARLES DUKE, Defendants.

EDMUND F. BRENNAN

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This action, in which plaintiff is proceeding pro se, is before the undersigned pursuant to Eastern District of California Local Rule 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Presently before the court are (1) defendant El Dorado County's motion to dismiss plaintiff's first amended complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ("Rule") 12(b)(6), Dckt. No. 16, and (2) defendants City of South Lake Tahoe, Officer Andrew Eissinger, and Officer Charles Duke's motion to dismiss City of South Lake Tahoe from the action pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), motion for a more definite statement pursuant to Rule 12(e), motion to strike portions of the amended complaint pursuant to Rule 12(f), and motion to dismiss the amended complaint pursuant to Rules 8(a) and 10(b), Dckt. No. 17. Plaintiff opposes the motions. Dckt. Nos. 21, 22. For the reasons stated herein, the undersigned recommends that the motions to dismiss be granted and that plaintiff be granted leave to amend some of his claims, as set forth below.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff brings this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against El Dorado County and against the City of South Lake Tahoe, South Lake Tahoe Police Officer Andrew Eissinger, and South Lake Tahoe Police Officer Charles Duke (collectively, "the City defendants"). First Am. Compl. ("FAC"), Dckt. No. 13. Plaintiff states that on March 19, 2010 he was bitten by a dog belonging to James Handley. Id. at 2.¹ Plaintiff alleges that when he informed Mr. Handley of the bite, Mr. Handley "engaged in flight." Id. Plaintiff, fearing that if he did not obtain the dog's vaccination information he would "have to undergo preventative rabies treatment," "acted using force" to stop Mr. Handley from leaving. Id. at 2-3. Officers Eissinger and Duke arrested plaintiff after arriving at the scene and interviewing witnesses. Id. at 4.

1 To avoid confusion, the undersigned refers to page numbers as assigned by the CM/ECF system.

Plaintiff's complaint states that "[t]his case originated after a false arrest caused false imprisonment" and resulted in "excessive bail" and a violation of "plaintiff's 5th and 14th [a]mendment right[s] to due process." Id. at 1. More specifically, plaintiff alleges that although Officers Eissinger and Duke were aware of "much information" indicating that plaintiff "had the right to use force in detaining" the dog and its owner, they nevertheless falsely arrested him. Id. at 4. Plaintiff further alleges that his false arrest evolved into a false imprisonment because Officers Eissinger and Duke could have released plaintiff from custody under California Penal Code ("Penal Code") section 849(b)(1), which permits a peace officer to release a person from custody when the officer is satisfied that there are insufficient grounds for making a criminal complaint against the person, but they did not release him. Plaintiff alleges that the two police officers conspired to arrest, imprison, and bring false charges against him in violation of Penal Code section 182(a)(2). Plaintiff also claims that Officers Eissinger and Duke "aided and abetted the theft of [his] bicycle" because the officers "did not take control of the bicycle" after plaintiff was arrested and instead "[t]he bicycle was left at the scene to be stolen while [plaintiff] was in jail." Id. at 11. Plaintiff claims that Officer Eissinger obstructed justice in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503(a) by submitting a declaration to a judge which "omitted the fact that the dog owner had fled taking his dog away," "falsely indicated that [plaintiff] attacked the dog owner as soon as the dog owner came out of the store," and "falsely stated that [plaintiff] had walked away with [Mr. Handley's] skateboard." Id. at 10. Plaintiff contends that defendant City of South Lake Tahoe is "responsible for [not] properly training the police officers" and for not "deterring police misconduct" and they are therefore "accountable" to plaintiff. Id. at 13.

Plaintiff also seeks to hold El Dorado County liable for the conduct of certain El Dorado County jail employees. He claims that certain employees at the El Dorado County jail violated his Fourth Amendment rights because they "unconstitutionally extracted DNA" from him. Id. at 12. Additionally, plaintiff alleges that the El Dorado County jail employees acted to extract an "excessive bail" of $80,000 from him by holding him "in a cell that had bail bond information and a telephone [and] [a]t the same time [he] was not provided warm clothing or a bed or blanket." Id. at 13. Finally, plaintiff alleges that defendant El Dorado County is responsible for the jail employees allegedly denying him "his right to a bail hearing." Id. at 12. Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages. Id. at 14.

II. EL DORADO COUNTY'S MOTION TO DISMISS

Defendant El Dorado County moves to dismiss plaintiff's first amended complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Dckt. No. 16.

A. Legal Standards

To survive dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain more than a "formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action"; it must contain factual allegations sufficient to "raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). "The pleading must contain something more . . . than . . . a statement of facts that merely creates a suspicion [of] a legally cognizable right of action." Id. (quoting 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216, pp. 235-236 (3d ed. 2004)). "[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. Dismissal is appropriate based either on the lack of cognizable legal theories or the lack of pleading sufficient facts to support cognizable legal theories. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).

In considering a motion to dismiss, the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trs., 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, and resolve all doubts in the pleader's favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421, reh'g denied, 396 U.S. 869 (1969). The court will "'presume that general allegations embrace those specific facts that are necessary to support the claim.'" Nat'l Org. for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249, 256 (1994) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)). The court may consider facts established by exhibits attached to the complaint. Durning v. First Boston Corp., 815 F.2d 1265, 1267 (9th Cir. 1987). The court may also consider facts which may be judicially noticed, Mullis v. U.S. Bankr. Ct., 828 F.2d at 1388, and matters of public record, including pleadings, orders, and other papers filed with the court. Mack v. South Bay Beer Distribs., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986).

Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972); Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985). However, the court's liberal interpretation of a pro se litigant's pleading may not supply essential elements of a claim that are not plead. Pena v. Gardner, 976 F.2d 469, 471 (9th Cir. 1992); Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). Furthermore, "[t]he court is not required to accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations if those conclusions cannot reasonably be drawn from the facts alleged." Clegg v. Cult Awareness Network, 18 F.3d 752, 754-55 (9th Cir. 1994). Neither need the court accept unreasonable inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. W. Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A pro se litigant is, however, entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity to amend, unless the complaint's deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987).

B. Discussion

1. Municipal Liability Against El Dorado County

Plaintiff alleges a § 1983 municipal liability claim against El Dorado County, arguing that (1) certain El Dorado County jail employees violated the Eighth Amendment by accepting excessive bail from him, by failing to provide plaintiff with warm clothing or a bed or blanket in "an effort to cause the posting of excessive bail," and by denying plaintiff a bail hearing; (2) the jail employees violated the Fourth Amendment by extracting plaintiff's DNA pursuant to Penal Code section "296, 2 (C)",² which plaintiff contends is unconstitutional; (3) the jail employees told a police officer to take plaintiff to a hospital instead of a low-cost clinic as a result of his dog-bite injuries; and (4) the El Dorado County District Court failed to provide plaintiff a bail hearing and caused excessive bail. FAC at 2, 5, 12-13. El Dorado County seeks dismissal of this municipal liability claim, arguing that plaintiff has failed to state a claim under Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978). Dckt. No. 16.

2 Although plaintiff cites Penal Code section "296, 2 (C)" in his first amended complaint, no such statutory provision exists. Plaintiff does indicate, however, that the Penal Code section he is challenging requires "any person arrested or charged with a felony [to] provide DNA." FAC at 12. Therefore, it appears that he intended to cite Penal Code section 296(a)(2)(C), which provides that "any adult person arrested or charged with any felony offense" must provide DNA samples.

Since there is no respondeat superior liability under § 1983, counties and municipalities may be sued under § 1983 only upon a showing that an official policy or custom caused the constitutional tort. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 691. In order to state a claim under Monell, a party must (1) identify the challenged policy or custom; (2) explain how the policy or custom is deficient; (3) explain how the policy or custom caused the plaintiff harm; and (4) reflect how the policy or custom amounted to deliberate indifference, i.e. show how the deficiency involved was obvious and the constitutional injury was likely to occur. Young v. City of Visalia, 687 F. Supp. 2d 1141, 1149 (E.D. Cal. 2009).

Defendant El Dorado County argues that plaintiff has failed to allege any policy or custom in his complaint. The undersigned agrees that plaintiff's municipal liability claim against El Dorado County lacks the specificity required under Iqbal and Twombly. Plaintiff has not identified any El Dorado County policy or custom in his first amended complaint, has not alleged that the jail employees acted pursuant to a County policy or custom, and has not alleged that their conduct conformed to an official policy or custom. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-91, 694; Karim-Panahi, 839 F.2d at 624; Shah v. County of Los Angeles, 797 F.2d 743, 746 (9th Cir. 1986). Additionally, because he has not identified any such policy or custom, he also has not explained how the policy or custom is deficient, has not explained how the policy or custom caused him harm, and has not explained how the policy or custom amounted to deliberate indifference. Accordingly, plaintiff has not alleged a basis for holding defendant El Dorado County liable for any constitutional deprivations in connection with his arrest, detention, or DNA extraction.³ Therefore, his claims against defendant El Dorado County should be dismissed with leave to amend, to the extent that plaintiff can allege specific facts to support a Monell liability claim.⁴

3 The court does not address whether plaintiff can state a Monell claim against El Dorado County based on inadequacy of training of the county jail employees since no such claim is alleged in the first amended complaint.

4 El Dorado County further argues that plaintiff's claim that his rights were violated when his DNA was extracted pursuant to Penal Code section "296, 2 (C)" should be dismissed without leave to amend because the jail employees followed mandatory procedures set forth in Penal Code section 296(a)(2)(C), and that statute has not been found to be unconstitutional. Dckt. No. 16-1 at 9. However, on August 4, 2011, the First District California Court of Appeal held that the California DNA and Forensic Identification Data Base and Data Bank Act of 1998, as amended, California Penal Code section 295 et seq., is unconstitutional. People v. Buza, __Cal. Rptr. 3d __, 2011 WL 3338855, at *22-23 (Cal. App. 1 Dist. Aug. 4, 2011). Accordingly, the County's motion to dismiss this claim without leave to amend is denied. Instead, the claim is dismissed with leave to amend, as provided herein.

2. Plaintiff's Claims Against El Dorado County Superior Court

El Dorado County also argues that it cannot be held liable for plaintiff's claims against the El Dorado County Superior Court. Dckt. No. 16-1 at 11.

Section 1983 provides a federal forum to remedy many deprivations of civil liberties, but it does not provide a federal forum for litigants who seek a remedy against a state for alleged deprivations of civil liberties. Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 66 (1989). The Eleventh Amendment bars such suits unless the State has waived its immunity. Id. A municipal court is an arm of the state and is protected from lawsuit by the Eleventh Amendment. Franceschi v. Schwartz, 57 F.3d 828, 831 (9th Cir. 1995). To the extent plaintiff attempts to hold El Dorado County liable for the actions of the County's superior court, this claim must be dismissed without leave to amend. Simmons v. Sacramento County Super. Ct., 318 F.3d 1156, 1161 (9th Cir. 2003) (plaintiff cannot state a claim against Sacramento County Superior Court because it is an arm of the state and thus barred by the Eleventh Amendment); Franceschi, 57 F.3d at 831 (claim against South Orange County Municipal Court barred by Eleventh Amendment because it is "arm of the state").

3. Plaintiff's Claims Regarding Excessive Bail

El Dorado County also contends that plaintiff's claims regarding excessive bail being set or accepted by the County should be dismissed because plaintiff has not alleged how the County is responsible for setting bail or accepting bail set by the court. Dckt. No. 16-1 at 9.

In order to prevail on a § 1983 claim that his bail violated the Excessive Bail Clause of the Eight Amendment, plaintiff must demonstrate that his bail was enhanced for purposes unauthorized by California law or that the amount of bail was excessive in light of the valid purposes for which it was set. Galen v. County of Los Angeles, 477 F.3d 652, 661 (9th Cir. 2007). Penal Code section 1269b(c) provides that "[i]t is the duty of the superior court judges in each county to prepare, adopt, and annually revise a uniform countywide schedule of bail for all bailable felony offenses . . . ." Cal. Pen. Code § 1269b(c). Certain jail custodians are authorized to immediately release those who are arrested and booked, prior to an initial court appearance, upon the posting of bail in the amount specified in the countywide schedule of bail. Id. § 1269b(b).

Here, plaintiff alleges that he was forced to post bail in the amount of $80,000 in order to be released from the El Dorado County jail. FAC at 10. He concludes that this amount was excessive and seeks to hold El Dorado County liable. Id. at 13. As a preliminary matter, the record before the court does not establish the bail amount the El Dorado County bail schedule specifies for the charges that plaintiff faced. Moreover, plaintiff does not allege that the bail he ultimately posted, $80,000, was in excess of the bail schedule. It is unclear whether plaintiff is arguing that the bail schedule set by the El Dorado County superior court judges violates the Excessive Bail Clause or that the bail he posted was enhanced by the jail employees so as to violate the Excessive Bail Clause. To the extent plaintiff seeks to hold El Dorado County liable for the El Dorado Superior Court's allegedly excessive bail schedule, the claims is barred by the Eleventh Amendment and it must be dismissed without leave to amend. See Simmons v. Sacramento County Super. Ct., 318 F.3d 1156, 1161 (9th Cir. 2003) (plaintiff cannot state a claim against Sacramento County Superior Court because it is an arm of the state and thus barred by the Eleventh Amendment); Franceschi, 57 F.3d at 831 (claim against South Orange County Municipal Court barred by Eleventh Amendment because it is "arm of the state"). To the extent that plaintiff is suggesting that the bail he posted was improperly enhanced by the jail employees, the claim does not clearly articulate that allegation. Accordingly, any such claim should be dismissed with leave to amend to the extent that plaintiff is able to allege those facts.

4. State Law Claims

Finally, El Dorado County contends that to the extent that plaintiff's claims are construed as state law claims, they should be dismissed because plaintiff did not plead compliance with the California Torts Claims Act ("GCA").⁵ Dckt. No. 12.

5 In 2007, the California Supreme Court adopted the practice of using the title "Government Claims Act" instead of "California Tort Claims Act." See City of Stockton v. Superior Court, 42 Cal. 4th 730, 741-42 (2007).

The GCA requires that a party seeking to recover money damages from a public entity or its employees must submit a claim to the entity before filing suit in court, generally no later than six months after the cause of action accrues. Cal. Gov't Code §§ 905, 911.2, 945, 950.2 (emphasis added); see also Shirk v. Vista Unified Sch. Dist., 42 Cal. 4th 201, 208 (2007) ("Before suing a public entity, the plaintiff must present a timely written claim. . .") (emphasis added). "The legislature's intent to require the presentation of claims before suit is filed could not be clearer." City of Stockton v. Super. Ct, 42 Cal. 4th 730, 746 (2007). Timely claim presentation is not merely a procedural requirement of the GCA but is an element of a plaintiff's cause of action. Shirk, 42 Cal. 4th at 209. Thus, when a plaintiff asserts a claim subject to the GCA, he must affirmatively allege compliance with the claim presentation procedure, or circumstances excusing such compliance, in his complaint. Id. The requirement that a plaintiff asserting claims subject to the GCA must affirmatively allege compliance with the claims filing requirement applies in federal court as well. Karim-Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep't, 839 F.2d 621, 627 (9th Cir. 1988).

The county's argument is well taken. To the extent there are remaining state law claims in plaintiff's first amended complaint, they must be dismissed with leave to amend for failure to allege compliance with the GCA.

III. CITY DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS

Defendants City of South Lake Tahoe, Officer Andrew Eissinger, and Officer Charles Duke's move to dismiss City of South Lake Tahoe from the action pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), move for a more definite statement pursuant to Rule 12(e), move to strike portions of the amended complaint pursuant to Rule 12(f), and move to dismiss the first amended complaint pursuant to Rules 8(a) and 10(b). Dckt. No. 17.

A. City of South Lake Tahoe's Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(6) ⁶

6 The legal standards for a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) are set forth above in Section II.A.

Plaintiff seeks to hold the City of South Lake Tahoe liable under § 1983 for the actions of its officers. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that the City is liable for failing to "control unconscionable behavior within the police force." FAC at 13. The City defendants argue that this claim should be dismissed as to defendant City of South Lake Tahoe because plaintiff cannot sufficiently state a municipal liability claim against the City under Monell. Dckt. No. 17-1 at 7.

As explained above, there is no respondeat superior liability under § 1983, and therefore counties and municipalities may be sued under § 1983 only upon a showing that an official policy or custom caused the constitutional tort. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 691. In order to state a claim under Monell, a party must (1) identify the challenged policy or custom; (2) explain how the policy or custom is deficient; (3) explain how the policy or custom caused the plaintiff harm; and (4) reflect how the policy or custom amounted to deliberate indifference, i.e. show how the deficiency involved was obvious and the constitutional injury was likely to occur. Young, 687 F. Supp. 2d at 1149.

Additionally, the inadequacy of police training may serve as the basis for § 1983 liability against a municipality where the failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the police come into contact. City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989). "Deliberate indifference" is established where "'the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.'" Clouthier v. County of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1249 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 390). To survive a motion to dismiss, a civil rights plaintiff alleging Monell liability based on a failure to train must allege that: (1) he was deprived of a constitutional right; (2) the local government entity had a training policy that amounts to deliberate indifference to constitutional rights of persons with whom its peace officers are likely to come into contact; and (3) his constitutional injury would have been avoided had the local government unit properly trained those officers. See Lanier v. City of Fresno, 2010 WL 5113799 at *11-12 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 9, 2010).

Here, plaintiff's first amended complaint fails to include facts to support his allegation that the City of South Lake Tahoe maintained a custom or policy that led to the harm he claims he suffered. Plaintiff does not even allege mere conclusions to this fact. Instead, he speculates, "it is entirely possible that these two police officers were trained to bring felony charges." FAC at 12. Only in his opposition does plaintiff list anecdotal evidence which he argues proves that the "South Lake Tahoe Police Department has an unconstitutional policy that targets men [who] are not protected by the social beliefs that women and children benefit from."⁷ Pl.'s Resp. to City Defs.' Mot. to Dism. ("Pl.'s Resp."), Dckt. No. 21 at 7.

7 In a section of his opposition, titled "Male Community in Fear of Law Officers," plaintiff gives three examples of an alleged policy by the City of South Lake Tahoe Police Department targeting men. First, plaintiff states one man has sued the police department for civil rights violations. Second, plaintiff states that another man has alleged that Officer Eissinger brought false charges against him. Finally, plaintiff explains that a third man "surrendered" to the false charges levied against him by the police department because he could no longer "stomach ongoing court litigation." Pl.'s Resp. at 7.

As to the inadequacy of police training, the first amended complaint merely alleges that the City of South Lake Tahoe is responsible for improperly training the city's police officers and in this case there was a "failure to control unconscionable behavior within the police force." FAC at 13. There are no allegations regarding a training policy that amounts to deliberate indifference or that plaintiff's injury would have been avoided by proper training. Plaintiff has failed to adequately plead a § 1983 municipal liability claim against the City of South Lake Tahoe and, to the extent he also makes a claim based on the City's failure to train Officers Eissinger and Duke, these claims should be dismissed. However, because plaintiff raises an argument of "an unconstitutional policy" in his opposition, these claims should be dismissed with leave to amend. See Broam v. Bogan, 320 F.3d 1023, 1026 n. 2 (9th Cir. 2003) (facts raised in opposition papers may not defeat a motion to dismiss, but may be considered by the court to determine whether dismissal should be with or without leave to amend).

B. Officer Eissinger and Duke's Motion for a More Definite Statement or Motion to Strike (Construed as a Motion to Dismiss)

The City defendants argue that plaintiff's claims against Officers Eissinger and Duke are "so convoluted, random and vague as to make it impossible to respond." Dckt. No. 17-1 at 5. The City defendants therefore move the court to either strike the portions of the first amended complaint that deal with violations of criminal statutes or order plaintiff to "comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure." Id. at 12. The City defendants also argue that any allegations based on California state law should be barred for failure to allege compliance with the California Tort Claims Act ("GCA").⁸ Although the City defendants' motion is unclear, the undersigned construes the motion as a motion to dismiss because the City defendants refer to the Rule 12(b)(6) standard for dismissal throughout the motion. See Dckt. No. 17-1.

8 In 2007, the California Supreme Court adopted the practice of using the title "Government Claims Act" instead of "California Tort Claims Act." See City of Stockton v. Superior Court, 42 Cal. 4th 730, 741-42 (2007).

1. Claims Based on Violations of Criminal Statutes

The City defendants contend that plaintiff cannot state a claim based on various alleged California criminal statutes, including Penal Code sections 182, 849, and 484, and cannot state a claim based on 18 U.S.C. § 1503. Dckt. No. 17-1 at 12-15.

a. Conspiracy Under Penal Code Section 182

Plaintiff alleges that he "Officer Duke agreed to go along with [Officer] Eissinger's plan to bring false charges against" plaintiff and that this "constitutes a conspiracy." FAC at 14. The first amended complaint also refers to the Penal Code section 182 definition of conspiracy. FAC at 5.

To the extent plaintiff seeks to state a claim against the City defendants for conspiracy pursuant to Penal Code section 182, that claim should be dismissed without leave to amend. A private right of action under a criminal statute has rarely been implied. Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 441 U.S. 281, 316 (1979). Where a private right of action has been implied, "'there was at least a statutory basis for inferring that a civil cause of action of some sort lay in favor of someone.'" Id. (quoting Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 79 (1975)). Here, plaintiff does not argue that a private cause of action is implied in Penal Code section 182, and there is no indication in that statute that civil enforcement is available to plaintiff. Accordingly, plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted based on the officers' alleged violation of Penal Code section 182. See Ellis v. City of San Diego, 176 F.3d 1183, 1189 (9th Cir. 1999) (affirming district court's dismissal of sixteen claims based on California Penal Code sections because "these code sections do not create enforceable individual rights"); Sohal v. City of Merced Police Dep't, 2009 WL 961465 at *7 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2009) ("This court and courts of this circuit routinely dismiss claims based on violation of state criminal statutes where the language of the statute does not confer a private right of action."); Bonty v. Escutia, 2007 WL 3096587 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2007) (citing Chrysler Corp. in holding that a plaintiff may not impose liability on defendants for violation of penal code sections).

b. False Imprisonment Under Penal Code Section 849

Plaintiff also alleges that he was falsely imprisoned because Officers Eissinger and Duke violated California Penal Code section 849(b)(1), which allowed them the option to release plaintiff from custody if they were satisfied that there were insufficient grounds for making a criminal complaint against him. FAC at 6.

To the extent plaintiff seeks to state a claim against the City defendants for violation of Penal Code section 849, that claim should also be dismissed without leave to amend. As explained above, a private right of action under a criminal statute has rarely been implied and there must be at least a statutory basis for permitting a plaintiff to bring a civil cause of action. Here, again, plaintiff does not argue or suggest that a private cause of action is implied in section 849(b)(1) nor has the undersigned found statutory or case authority to support that notion. Accordingly, plaintiff fails to state a claim based on the officers' alleged violation of Penal Code section 849(b)(1).

c. Aiding and Abetting Under Penal Code Section 484

Next, plaintiff alleges that Officers Eissinger and Duke "aided and abetted the theft" of his bicycle. FAC at 11. Plaintiff again relies on a criminal statute, California Penal Code section 484 (theft). Id. As explained above, this court routinely dismisses claims based on violation of state criminal statutes where the language of the statute does not confer a private right of action. See Sohal, 2009 WL 961465 at *7. Plaintiff has not alleged that section 484 provides for a private right of action nor has the undersigned found authority to support this notion. Therefore, this claim should be dismissed without leave to amend.

d. Obstruction of Justice Under 18 U.S.C. § 1503

Finally, plaintiff alleges that "the act of police officer Andrew Eissinger submitting his [declaration] to the court, containing false statements, constitutes obstruction of justice" in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503. FAC at 10. Section 1503 is a criminal statute that does not provide for civil enforcement. See Forsyth v. Humana, Inc., 114 F.3d 1467, 1482 (9th Cir.), judgment aff'd, 525 U.S. 299 (1999) ("The obstruction of justice claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1503 is also futile because 18 U.S.C. § 1503 is a criminal statute that does not provide for a private cause of action."). Accordingly, plaintiff's obstruction of justice claim against Officer Eissinger should be dismissed without leave to amend.

2. Claims that Require Compliance with Government Claims Act

The City defendants also argue that any allegations in plaintiff's first amended complaint that are based on California state law should be barred for failure to allege compliance with the California Tort Claims Act ("GCA").⁹ See Dckt. No. 17-1 at 15-17.

9 In 2007, the California Supreme Court adopted the practice of using the title "Government Claims Act" instead of "California Tort Claims Act." See City of Stockton v. Superior Court, 42 Cal. 4th 730, 741-42 (2007).

As discussed above, the GCA requires that a party seeking to recover money damages from a public entity or its employees must submit a claim to the entity before filing suit in court, generally no later than six months after the cause of action accrues, and must affirmatively allege compliance with the claim presentation procedure, or circumstances excusing such compliance, in his complaint. Cal. Gov't Code §§ 905, 911.2, 945, 950.2 (emphasis added); see also Shirk, 42 Cal. 4th at 208, 209. To the extent plaintiff alleges state law claims against the City of South Lake Tahoe and its employees, Officers Eissinger and Duke, plaintiff is obligated to allege compliance with the claim presentation procedure of GCA in his complaint. Here, the first amended complaint lacks any allegations that plaintiff presented his claims to the City defendants before filing suit. Nor does plaintiff allege that he filed a late claim or explain why he missed the deadline.¹⁰

10 Attached to the first amended complaint are several letters addressed to "the Court," "Kathy Bolinger Records [S]upervisor South Lake Tahoe Police Department," and "Public Health Dept[artment] and Animal Services." Dckt. No. 13 at 25, 31-33. It is unclear the purpose of these letters and plaintiff does not refer to them in his first amended complaint. If plaintiff intended to offer these letters as proof he presented a claim in compliance with GCA, he did not allege so in the first amended complaint. Additionally, the letters do not appear to be addressed to the City defendants.

In his opposition, plaintiff argues that on July 8, 2010, he "brought his complaint to the South Lake Tahoe Police Department, but the Police Department did not act." Pl.'s Resp. at 6. The undersigned, however, cannot rely on plaintiff's opposition to defeat the City defendant's motion to dismiss. See Broam, 320 F.3d at 1026 n.2. Furthermore, even if plaintiff did present claims to the police department on July 8, 2010, his state law claims may still be dismissed for failure to comply with GCA. If plaintiff presented a claim to the police department on July 8, 2010, he did so after the date on which he filed the initial complaint in this action, June 29, 2010. Though plaintiff subsequently filed a first amended complaint on September 20, 2010, well after the date he argues he filed a claim with the police department, his cause of action would not have accrued until after filing the original complaint in this case. Plaintiff may not recover from this defect in later pleadings. See Jadwin v. County of Kern, 2009 WL 926844 at *17 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 3, 2009) ("At the time Plaintiff filed his initial Complaint, one of the necessary elements of his new [] claims was missing - he had not presented any claim including them. This substantive defect in Plaintiff's initial Complaint was not remedied by later pleadings, including his Second Amended Complaint.").

Therefore, any state law claims plaintiff purports to allege against the City defendants must be dismissed. The dismissal will be with leave to amend, to the extent that plaintiff can allege that he filed claims with the City defendants prior to filing suit. See Mangold v. Cal. Pub. Utils. Comm'n, 67 F.3d 1470, 1477 (9th Cir. 1995); Karim-Panahi, 839 F.2d at 627; Rhodes v. Placer County, 2011 WL 1302316, at *14 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2011) (plaintiff's failure to plead presentation of her state law claims mandates dismissal of those claims because presentation of state law claims is an element of the claims themselves); State of Superior Court (Bodde), 32 Cal. 4th 1234, 1239 (2004) (plaintiff's "failure to allege facts demonstrating or excusing compliance with the claims presentation requirement subjects a claim against a public entity" to dismissal for failure to state a claim).

3. Remaining Claims

The City defendants further contend that plaintiff's first amended complaint is not "short and plain" or "simple, concise, and direct," as required by Rules 8(a) and 8(d)(1). Dckt. No. 17-1 at 8 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a), 8(d)(1)). They also contend that plaintiff's first amended complaint is not in compliance with Rule 10(b) since plaintiff's claims are not set forth "in numbered paragraphs, each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances." Id. at 8-9 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b)). Finally, the City defendants contend that the amended complaint is "rambling" and it is impossible to discern from the amended complaint what plaintiff is alleging. Id. at 15.

Because the undersigned agrees that plaintiff's complaint fails to comply with Rules 8 and 10, to the extent plaintiff's first amended complaint includes other claims against the City defendants not addressed above, they are dismissed with leave to amend pursuant to Rules 8 and 10.

IV. LEAVE TO AMEND

If plaintiff elects to file a second amended complaint against El Dorado County or the City defendants as authorized herein, the complaint shall not add new claims or new defendants. Plaintiff is reminded that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to make his second amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. This is because, as a general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967).

Additionally, plaintiff must comply with the requirements of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8(a) (i.e., that the complaint set forth a short and plain statement of the claim(s), showing entitlement to relief and giving the defendant(s) fair notice of the claim(s) against them) and 10(b) (i.e., if plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs). Plaintiff must allege compliance with the GCA, where required. Failure to file a second amended complaint will result in a recommendation that this action be dismissed.

V. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:

1. Defendant El Dorado County's motion to dismiss, Dckt. No. 16, be granted as follow:

a. Claims against El Dorado Superior Court be dismissed without leave to amend; and
b. All other claims against defendant El Dorado County be dismissed with leave to amend as provided above.

2. The City defendants' motion to dismiss, Dckt. No. 17, be granted as follows:

a. Claims for violation of California Penal Code sections 182, 484, and 849(b)(1) be dismissed without leave to amend;
c. Claim for violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503 be dismissed without leave to amend; and
c. All other claims against the City defendants be dismissed with leave to amend as provided above.

3. Plaintiff be provided thirty days from the date of any order adopting these findings and recommendations is filed to file a second amended complaint as provided herein.

These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations." Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).

EDMUND F. BRENNAN

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE