Opinion
Nos. 17–7171 17–7545.
04-02-2018
Jesse GUARDADO v. Julie L. JONES, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections. Steven Anthony Cozzie v. Florida.
The petitions for writs of certiorari are denied.
Twice now this Court has declined to vacate and remand to the Florida Supreme Court in cases where that court failed to address a substantial Eighth Amendment challenge to capital defendants' sentences, and twice I have dissented from that inaction. See Truehill v. Florida , 583 U.S. ––––, ––––, 138 S.Ct. 3, 199 L.Ed.2d 272 (2017) ; Middleton v. Florida , 583 U.S. ––––, ––––, 138 S.Ct. 829, ––– L.Ed.2d –––– (2018). Four petitioners were involved in those cases. Today we add two more to the list, for a total of at least six capital defendants who now face execution by the State without having received full consideration of their claims.
It should not be necessary for me to explain again why petitioners' challenges are substantial, why the Florida Supreme Court should have addressed those challenges, or why this Court has an obligation to intervene. Nevertheless, recent developments at the Florida Supreme Court compel me to dissent in full once again.
As a reminder, like the petitioners in Truehill and Middleton , Jesse Guardado and Steven Cozzie challenge their death sentences pursuant to Caldwell v. Mississippi , 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985). I summarized those challenges in Middleton as follows:
"[Petitioners] were sentenced to death under a Florida capital sentencing scheme that this Court has since declared unconstitutional. See Hurst v. Florida , 577 U. S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 616, 193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016). Relying on the unanimity of the juries' recommendations of death, the Florida Supreme Court post-Hurst declined to disturb the petitioners' death sentences, reasoning that the unanimity ensured that jurors had made the necessary findings of fact under Hurst . By doing so, the Florida Supreme Court effectively transformed the pre-Hurst jury recommendations into binding findings of fact with respect to petitioners' death sentences." 583 U.S., at –––– – ––––, 138 S.Ct., at 829 (dissenting from denial of certiorari).
Reliance on those pre-Hurst recommendations, rendered after the juries repeatedly were instructed that their role was merely advisory, implicates Caldwell , where this Court recognized that "the uncorrected suggestion that the responsibility for any ultimate determination of death will rest with others presents an intolerable danger that the jury will in fact choose to minimize the importance of its role," in contravention of the Eighth Amendment. 472 U.S., at 333, 105 S.Ct. 2633.
Following the dissent from the denial of certiorari in Truehill , the Florida Supreme Court has on at least two occasions taken the position that it has, in fact, considered and rejected petitioners' Caldwell -based challenges. In Franklin v. State , 236 So.3d 989 (2018) (per curiam ), the Florida Supreme Court stated that, "prior to Hurst , [it] repeatedly rejected Caldwell challenges to the standard jury instructions." Id., at ––––, 2018 WL 897427, at *3. The decisions it cited in support of that pre-Hurst precedent rely on one fact: "Informing the jury that its recommended sentence is ‘advisory’ is a correct statement of Florida law and does not violate Caldwell ." Rigterink v. State , 66 So.3d 866, 897 (Fla.2011) (per curiam ); Globe v. State , 877 So.2d 663, 673-674 (Fla.2004) (per curiam ) (stating that it has rejected Caldwell challenges to the standard jury instructions, citing cases that similarly rely on the fact that the instructions accurately reflect the advisory nature of the jurors' role). But of course, "the rationale underlying [this] previous rejection of the Caldwell challenge [has] now [been] undermined by this Court in Hurst ," Truehill , 583 U.S., at ––––, 138 S.Ct., at 4, and the Florida Supreme Court must therefore "grapple with the Eighth Amendment implications of [its subsequent post-Hurst ] holding" that "then-advisory jury findings are now binding and sufficient to satisfy Hurst ," Middleton , 583 U.S., at ––––, 138 S.Ct., at 830. Its pre-Hurst precedent thus does not absolve the Florida Supreme Court from addressing petitioners' new post-Hurst Caldwell -based challenges.
The cases in which the Florida Supreme Court has taken this position, i.e., that it has considered and rejected the Caldwell -based claims discussed herein, are not the ones currently under review before our Court in these petitions.
The Florida Supreme Court in Franklin did not stop there, however. It went on to state that it had "also rejected Caldwell -related Hurst claims" more recently, citing Truehill v. State , 211 So.3d 930 (Fla.2017) (per curiam ), and Oliver v. State , 214 So.3d 606 (Fla.2017) (per curiam ), noting that "the defendants in Oliver and Truehill petitioned the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari to review their Caldwell claims, which the Court denied." Franklin , 236 So.3d, at ––––, 2018 WL 897427, *3. This is a surprising statement, because Quentin Truehill and Terence Oliver were the two petitioners whose claims were at issue in my dissent in Truehill . Franklin did not discuss that dissent, joined by two other Justices, which specifically noted that "the Florida Supreme Court has failed to address" the important Caldwell -based challenge. Truehill , 583 U.S., at ––––, 138 S.Ct., at 3. Earlier this month, in rejecting a motion to vacate a sentence brought by petitioner Jesse Guardado, the Florida Supreme Court again held that it had "considered and rejected" post-Hurst Caldwell -based challenges, citing Franklin , 236 So.3d 989, and Truehill , 211 So.3d 930. Guardado v. State , ––– So.3d ––––, ––––, 2018 WL 1193196, *2 (Mar. 8, 2018).
As petitioner Guardado explained in his supplemental brief, in addition to the postconviction motion that forms the basis of the petition currently before our Court, he also filed a motion to vacate his sentence. See Supp. Brief for Petitioner 1. It was with respect to that motion that the Florida Supreme Court issued the opinion stating that it had "considered and rejected" the Caldwell -based challenge. No mention of the Caldwell -based claim was made in the Florida Supreme Court opinion directly under review in this petition. 226 So.3d 213 (2017). In fact, petitioner Guardado filed a motion with the Florida Supreme Court for rehearing and clarification of the denial of his postconviction motion, noting, inter alia , that the opinion "unreasonably omitted any consideration or discussion of [his] arguments regarding the interplay between Caldwell and Hurst ." App. to Pet. for Cert. in No. 17–7171, p. 68a. The Florida Supreme Court denied the motion in an unreasoned one-line order. See id., at 7a. Petitioner Steven Cozzie also moved for rehearing below, similarly arguing in part that the Florida Supreme Court "overlooked the effect of instructing [his] jury many times that its recommendation was advisory only," citing Caldwell . App. to Pet. for Cert. in No. 17–7545, p. 66a. The Florida Supreme Court also denied the motion in an unreasoned one-line order. See id., at 43a.
It is hard to understand how the Florida Supreme Court "considered and rejected" these Caldwell -based challenges based on its decisions in Truehill and Oliver . Those cases did not mention or discuss Caldwell . Nor did they mention or discuss the fundamental Eighth Amendment principle it announced: "It is constitutionally impermissible to rest a death sentence on a determination made by a sentencer who has been led to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the defendant's death rests elsewhere." Caldwell , 472 U.S., at 328–329, 105 S.Ct. 2633. In neither Truehill nor Oliver did the Florida Supreme Court discuss the grave Eighth Amendment concerns implicated by its finding that the Hurst violations in those cases are harmless, a conclusion that transforms those advisory jury recommendations into binding findings of fact. Although the Florida Supreme Court noted in Truehill that the defendant in that case "contends that he is entitled to relief pursuant to Hurst v. Florida because the jury in his case was repeatedly instructed regarding the non-binding nature of its verdict," 211 So.3d, at 955, that was the first and last reference to that argument. There was absolutely no reference to the argument in Oliver . 214 So.3d 606.
Tellingly, in neither Franklin nor Guardado did the Florida Supreme Court supply a pincite for its "consider[ation] and reject [ion]" in Truehill and Oliver of these Caldwell -based claims.
Therefore, the Florida Supreme Court has (again) failed to address an important and substantial Eighth Amendment challenge to capital defendants' sentences post-Hurst . Nothing in its pre-Hurst precedent, nor in its opinions in Truehill and Oliver , addresses or resolves these substantial Caldwell -based challenges. This Court can and should intervene in the face of this troubling situation.
"Toutes choses sont dites déjà; mais comme personne n' écoute, il faut toujours recommencer." Gide, Le Traité du Narcisse 8 (1892), in Le Traité du Narcisse 104 (R. Robidoux ed. 1978) ("Everything has been said already; but as no one listens, we must always begin again").
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I dissent.