Opinion
Civil Action No. 12–1531(JEB).
2013-08-29
Ellen F. GROSS, Plaintiff, v. LOGISTICS SUPPORT, INC., Defendant.
Peter C. Cohen, Brian Adam Scotti, Charlson Bredehoft Cohen Brown & Sakata, P.C., Reston, VA, for Plaintiff. James A. Allen, General Counsel, PC, McLean, VA, for Defendant.
Peter C. Cohen, Brian Adam Scotti, Charlson Bredehoft Cohen Brown & Sakata, P.C., Reston, VA, for Plaintiff. James A. Allen, General Counsel, PC, McLean, VA, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
JAMES E. BOASBERG, District Judge.
From January 2010 until she was terminated in June 2011, Plaintiff Ellen Gross was employed as a human-resources manager by Logistics Support, Inc., a contractor that specializes in providing logistics support services to the military. She alleges that shortly after announcing she was pregnant, LSI abruptly decided to terminate her, rather than moving forward with a previously planned decision to fire another, non-pregnant HR professional. This, she claims, violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. LSI now moves for summary judgment, asserting that Gross has failed to present any credible evidence to rebut its legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating her—specifically, that she and two other employees were laid off to reduce costs and increase profitability. Because the Court finds that there is sufficient evidence upon which a jury could find that LSI's reason for terminating Gross was pretextual, it will deny Defendant's Motion.
I. Background
Unless otherwise noted, the facts set forth herein are undisputed and are drawn from the parties' Statements of Undisputed Material Facts submitted pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7(h).
In January 2010, Plaintiff was hired by LSI as an HR Manager. See Mot., Attach. 2 (Deposition of David Compton) at 40:6–12. In this part-time position, she worked three days a week administering LSI's employee-benefits programs, acting as the company's liaison and contact point with respect to coordinating employment benefits, maintaining employee records, and recruiting personnel to staff its contracts. See Def.'s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, ¶ 13 (citing Compton Dep. at 45:16–22); Compton Dep. at 46:14–22; Mot., Attach. 3 (Deposition of Steven MacDonald) at 44:11–15; Attach. 1 (Deposition of Ellen Gross) at 44:12–45:3, 82:9–11. In March 2011, LSI hired an additional full-time HR professional, Kathy Meyer, to assist the company in its recruiting efforts. See Gross Dep. at 65:2–5; Compton Dep. at 71:11–16, 150:9–13, 201:1. In addition to working on recruiting tasks, Meyer also assisted Gross with general HR duties. See Mot., Attach. 4 (Deposition of Kathy Meyer), at 40:6–11, 109:5–111:5.
In April 2011, LSI's management convened strategy sessions to discuss the company's financial situation, including plans for growing its business and cutting costs. See Mot., Exh. 8 (LSI Strategic Plan); Compton Dep. at 29:12–30:4, 86:4–8, 106:5–8. While both parties devote a substantial portion of their briefing to a discussion of the specifics of LSI's financial health, see Mot. at 12–17, 28–30; Opp. at 12–13, 20–21; Reply at 3–10, 13–19, because this issue does not ultimately influence the Court's decision, it will not be further detailed here.
Pursuant to LSI's efforts to reduce costs, its management identified eight overhead or General and Administrative employees whom it was considering for termination. See Compton Dep. 86:4–17; MacDonald Dep. at 71:6–72:20, 83:3–20, 192:4–17. Both Gross and Meyer were identified on the list, with a notation indicating “can't afford 2 HRs.” See Compton Dep., Exh. 4 (2011–2015 Strategic Hires/BD Approach). The following month, David Compton, LSI's founder and CEO, had a meeting with Gross wherein he advised her that due to financial concerns at the company, he was considering “letting Kathy Meyer go or at least cutting her hours back.” See Pl.'s SMF, ¶ 42 (citing Compton Dep. at 63:8–64:1, 67:6–14). This meeting was memorialized in an internal memo. See Opp., Exh. L (May 20, 2011, Memorandum) (“I mentioned one particular area that I would be reviewing would be cutting back on our G & A/OH personnel. I stated that we would have to look at perhaps letting Kathy Meyer go or at least cutting her hours back.”). Compton did not have a similar conversation with Meyer to discuss the possibility of terminating Gross. See Pl.'s SMF, ¶ 42 (citing Compton Dep. at 68:4–7).
On June 6, two and a half weeks after her meeting with him, Gross announced her pregnancy to Compton and LSI's COO, Steve MacDonald. See Pl.'s SMF, ¶ 45 (citing Gross Dep. at 17:13–22, 23:2–24:4). Both managers congratulated Gross on the news, see Def.'s SMF, ¶ 18 (citing Gross Dep. at 165:2–22), and there was no further discussion of her pregnancy with LSI's management. See id. (citing Gross Dep. at 167:16–21, 168:5–169:18).
On June 22, only sixteen days after Gross's announcement, she was terminated along with two other G & A employees as part of a reduction in force. See Def.'s SMF, ¶ 9 (citing Gross Dep. at 173:4–8; MacDonald Dep. at 85:16–20). LSI maintains that these terminations were part of its efforts to reduce its operating costs and had nothing to do with Gross's performance. See id., ¶ 10 (citing MacDonald Dep. at 111:7–22, 184:22–185:17); Compton Dep. at 180:20–22. LSI further contends that Gross's pregnancy was not a factor in its decision to terminate her. See MacDonald Dep. at 209:5–8. Meyer, who was not pregnant at the time of Gross's termination, assumed Gross's HR responsibilities following her departure. See Pl.'s SMF, ¶ 49 (citing Compton Dep. at 214:2–7; MacDonald Dep. at 198:19–22); Compton Dep., Exh. 17 (March 16, 2012, Corporate Overview) at 4. In its briefing, but without record citations, LSI offers a variety of explanations for why Meyer was retained over Gross. See Mot. at 30 (Meyer's ability to work full time, her better recruiting skills, her ability to travel, and her graduate degree in Human Resource Management).
Subsequent to Gross's termination, she filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging that LSI had unlawfully discriminated against her because of her pregnancy. She was then issued a right-to-sue notice and filed this suit 18 months later. See Compl., ¶¶ 14–15. Having completed discovery, LSI has filed this Motion for Summary Judgment, which the Court now considers.
II. Legal Standard
Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C.Cir.2006). A fact is “material” if it is capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation. Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895;Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A dispute is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007); Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505;Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895. “A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must support the assertion by citing to particular parts of materials in the record.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(A).
The party seeking summary judgment “bears the heavy burden of establishing that the merits of his case are so clear that expedited action is justified.” Taxpayers Watchdog, Inc., v. Stanley, 819 F.2d 294, 297 (D.C.Cir.1987). When a motion for summary judgment is under consideration, “the evidence of the non-movant[s] is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [his] favor.” Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505;see also Mastro v. PEPCO, 447 F.3d 843, 850 (D.C.Cir.2006); Aka v. Washington Hospital Center, 156 F.3d 1284, 1288 (D.C.Cir.1998) ( en banc ). On a motion for summary judgment, the Court must “eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.” Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 363 (D.C.Cir.2007).
The nonmoving party's opposition, however, must consist of more than mere unsupported allegations or denials and must be supported by affidavits, declarations, or other competent evidence, setting forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The nonmovant is required to provide evidence that would permit a reasonable jury to find in its favor. Laningham v. United States Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1242 (D.C.Cir.1987). If the nonmovant's evidence is “merely colorable” or “not significantly probative,” summary judgment may be granted. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 249–50, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
III. Analysis
LSI contends that it is entitled to summary judgment because it has successfully asserted a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision to terminate Gross, and she has failed to produce evidence that this explanation was pretextual. See Mot. at 21–31. The Court disagrees.
Where, as here, “an employee has suffered an adverse employment action and an employer has asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for [its employment] decision,” the traditional burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), “ ‘drops out of the picture,’ ” and the Court deploys a simpler analysis:
[I]n considering an employer's motion for summary judgment or judgment as a matter of law in those circumstances, the district court must resolve one central question: Has the employee produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer's asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?
Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C.Cir.2008) (quoting St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 510–11, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993) (internal quotation marks omitted)). This Court “need not— and should not—decide whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas.” Brady, 520 F.3d at 494 (emphasis in original); Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142–43, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000) (when defendant offers evidence that plaintiff was terminated for legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason, sole remaining issue is “discrimination vel non ”) (citing United States Postal Service Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 714, 103 S.Ct. 1478, 75 L.Ed.2d 403 (1983)). Even if the Court were required to do so, however, Defendant has conceded that Gross has made out a prima facie showing of her claim. See Mot. at 22.
The Court's task here, therefore, is to determine whether Gross has produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that LSI's asserted reasons for her termination were pretexts for discrimination. See Brady, 520 F.3d at 494;see also Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252–53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). As the D.C. Circuit has held, moreover, “ ‘[E]ven if [the employee] show[s] that [the asserted reason] was not the actual reason for his [adverse employment action], he still would have to demonstrate that the actual reason was a ... discriminatory [or retaliatory] reason.’ ” Gilbert v. Napolitano, 670 F.3d 258, 261 (D.C.Cir.2012) (quoting Brady, 520 F.3d at 496 n. 4) (alterations in original); see also Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d 512, 519 (D.C.Cir.2000) (evidence must be sufficient for a reasonable jury “to conclude that [the asserted] rationale was not just pretext, but pretext for discrimination ”) (emphasis in original). In other words, Plaintiff's burden of “demonstrat[ing] that the proffered reason was not the true reason ... merges with the ultimate burden of persuading the court that she has been the victim of intentional discrimination.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089. LSI is entitled to summary judgment only if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff and drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor, is such that “no reasonable jury” could find that Defendant's asserted reasons were in fact pretexts for discrimination. See Hamilton v. Geithner, 666 F.3d 1344, 1351 (D.C.Cir.2012) (citing Jones v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 674, 681 (D.C.Cir.2009)).
Defendant contends that Plaintiff's only evidence of discrimination is the temporal proximity of her pregnancy announcement to her termination, which is insufficient to rebut an employer's legitimate reason for the adverse employment action. See Mot. at 23–24 (citing Pendleton v. Holder, 697 F.Supp.2d 12, 23 (D.D.C.2010) (citing Woodruff v. Peters, 482 F.3d 521, 530 (D.C.Cir.2007))). This argument, however, ignores the undisputed fact that on May 20, 2011, barely more than two weeks before Gross announced her pregnancy, LSI had informed her that it was considering terminating a different employee (Meyer). Only a month later, it abruptly reversed course and elected to terminate Gross instead. The only significant intervening event was Gross's disclosure.
While Defendant contends that both HR professionals were under consideration for termination as early as April 2011, see Mot. at 14, there is sufficient evidence here for a factfinder to conclude that as of May, LSI planned to release Meyer—not Gross—and only switched upon learning that Gross was pregnant. See, e.g., Shaffer v. Am. Med. Ass'n, 662 F.3d 439, 444–45 (7th Cir.2011) (finding summary judgment premature where reasonable jury could find employer chose to terminate plaintiff for exercising his right to take FMLA leave based on evidence that employer changed his mind about which employee to terminate shortly after plaintiff requested leave); Hall v. Family Care Home Visiting Nurse and Home Care Agency, LLC, 696 F.Supp.2d 190, 199–201 (D.Conn.2010) (pretext possible where plaintiff proffered evidence of discrepancies in lists identifying potential terminations from which jury could conclude employer decided to terminate her only after she disclosed her pregnancy).
At the end of the day, a jury could reasonably view the evidence here in favor of either party: it could conclude that LSI was simply implementing cost-cutting measures when it terminated Gross, or it could decide that LSI had planned to terminate Meyer and only decided to eliminate Gross after she announced her pregnancy. Because this case hinges on credibility determinations, it would be premature for the Court to rule as a matter of law. See Primas v. Dist. of Columbia, 719 F.3d 693, 698 (D.C.Cir.2013) (where “case hinges on the answer to a question that itself hinges on credibility determinations more appropriately made from a jury's box than a judge's bench ... it is the jury's job—not [a court's]—to choose between them”). The Court will thus deny Defendant's Motion.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment. A separate Order consistent with this Opinion will be issued this day.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
On July 8, 2013, this Court denied Logistics Support, Inc.'s Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff's Title VII discrimination claim, holding that there was sufficient evidence upon which a jury could find that Defendant's reason for terminating Ellen Gross was discriminatory. See Gross v. Logistics Support, Inc., No. 12–1531, 952 F.Supp.2d 119, 2013 WL 3369078 (D.D.C. July 8, 2013)( Gross I ). Ten days later, LSI moved for reconsideration, arguing that the Court erred in basing its decision solely on LSI's “reversal of course” in its decision to terminate Gross rather than another human-resources manager. Finding that LSI has not shown that a different result is warranted, the Court will deny its Motion.
Because Defendant seeks reconsideration of an interlocutory order denying its Motion for Summary Judgment, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) governs. See Judicial Watch v. Dep't of Army, 466 F.Supp.2d 112, 123 (D.D.C.2006) (discussing Rule 54(b)'s application to denials of dispositive motions). “The standard of review for interlocutory decisions differs from the standards applied to final judgments under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and 60(b).” Williams v. Savage, 569 F.Supp.2d 99, 108 (D.D.C.2008). Defendant need only clear a lower bar as “reconsideration of an interlocutory decision is available under the standard ‘as justice requires.’ ” Judicial Watch, 466 F.Supp.2d at 123;accord Lemmons v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 241 F.R.D. 15, 21 (D.D.C.2007). The “as justice requires” standard may be met where the court has patently misunderstood the parties, strayed far afield of the issues presented, or failed to consider a controlling or significant change in the law or facts since the submission of the issue. See Cobell v. Norton, 224 F.R.D. 266, 272 (D.D.C.2004). “These considerations leave a great deal of room for the court's discretion and, accordingly, the ‘as justice requires' standard amounts to determining ‘whether [relief upon] reconsideration is necessary under the relevant circumstances.’ ” Lewis v. Dist. of Columbia, 736 F.Supp.2d 98, 102 (D.D.C.2010) (quoting Cobell, 224 F.R.D. at 272). A court's discretion under Rule 54(b), however, is “limited by the law of the case doctrine and subject to the caveat that where litigants have once battled for the court's decision, they should neither be required, nor without good reason permitted, to battle for it again.” Singh v. George Washington Univ., 383 F.Supp.2d 99, 101 (D.D.C.2005) (internal citations omitted).
LSI maintains that judgment should have been entered in its favor because “[e]vidence that an employer has changed its mind in making an employment decision is not, standing alone, evidence of discrimination.... [Gross] must show not only that her employer ‘reversed course’ in reaching an adverse employment decision, but also that the employer's proffered explanation for why it changed its mind is unworthy of credence.” Mot. at 2 (emphasis in original). The Court, however, did not base its decision on LSI's reversal of course alone; what Defendant omits from its argument is the chronology of events. In denying summary judgment, the Court determined that a jury could infer discrimination where LSI abruptly reversed course in such close proximity—just sixteen days later—to Gross's announcement of her pregnancy. See Gross I, 952 F.Supp.2d at 123–24, 2013 WL 3369078, at *4.
In the similar context of retaliation suits, courts have consistently looked at the timing of the employer's action when determining whether a plaintiff can rebut the employer's legitimate non-retaliatory reason for the adverse action. See, e.g., Nuskey v. Hochberg, 657 F.Supp.2d 47, 62 (D.D.C.2009) (while defendant had proffered nonretaliatory explanations for its actions, “the temporal proximity between plaintiff's protected activity and the alleged retaliation is too close for defendant to escape the inference of a retaliatory motive at the summary judgment stage”); see also Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d 512, 521 (D.C.Cir.2000) (“the close temporal proximity of [plaintiff's] discrimination complaints to the [adverse action] is sufficient to establish a causal connection”); Glenn v. Bair, 643 F.Supp.2d 23, 42 (D.D.C.2009) ( “Even absent direct evidence, however, temporal proximity can support an inference of causation if the interval between the protected activity and the adverse personnel action is ‘very close.’ ”) (quoting Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273, 121 S.Ct. 1508, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001)).
The timing of LSI's termination of Gross—combined with its apparent about-face as to which human-resources manager it would terminate—is sufficient to raise genuine issues of material fact that preclude summary judgment. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (noting that trial courts should act with “caution in granting summary judgment” and may “deny summary judgment in a case where there is reason to believe that the better course would be to proceed to a full trial”). Although Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment presented a close call—and its Motion for Reconsideration is hardly frivolous—the Court believes it may not take the case from a jury.
The Court, therefore, ORDERS that Defendant's Motion for Reconsideration is DENIED.