Summary
In Grieb v. Alpine Valley Ski Area, 400 N.W.2d 653 (Mich.App. 1986), plaintiff Michelle Grieb was injured when she was struck from behind by an unknown skier while skiing on a slope at defendant Alpine Valley Ski Resort, against which she brought suit for personal injuries resulting from the collision.
Summary of this case from Shukoski v. Indianhead Mountain Resort, Inc.Opinion
Docket No. 85271.
Decided October 20, 1986. Leave to appeal denied, 428 Mich. ___.
Schurgin, Rundell Rosenberg (by Curtis G. Rundell II), for plaintiff.
Sullivan, Ward, Bone, Tyler, Fiott Asher, P.C. (by Michelle A. Thomas), for defendant.
This action arises out of a skiing accident. Plaintiff, Michelle Grieb, was injured when she was struck from behind by an unknown skier while skiing on a slope at defendant Alpine Valley Ski Resort. Plaintiff brought suit against defendant. The trial court granted a motion for accelerated judgment pursuant to MCR 2.116 on the ground that plaintiff's cause of action against Alpine was precluded under the Ski Area Safety Act, 1962 PA 199, MCL 408.321 et seq.; MSA 18.483[1] et seq. Plaintiff appeals as of right and presents two issues with respect to this statute, its interpretation, and its constitutionality.
MCL 408.342(2); MSA 18.483(22)(2) provides as follows:
Each person who participates in the sport of skiing accepts the dangers that inhere in that sport insofar as the dangers are obvious and necessary. Those dangers include, but are not limited to, injuries which can result from variations in terrain; surface or subsurface snow or ice conditions; bare spots; rocks, trees, and other forms of natural growth or debris; collisions with ski lift towers and their components, with other skiers, or with properly marked or plainly visible snow-making or snow-grooming equipment.
A statute is not open to construction by the courts unless the language used in the statute is ambiguous or where reasonable minds may differ. Sam v Balardo, 411 Mich. 405, 418; 308 N.W.2d 142 (1981); Lansing v Lansing Twp, 356 Mich. 641, 649; 97 N.W.2d 804 (1959). The standard of review is easily summarized in Cliffs Forest Products Co v Al Disdero Lumber Co, 144 Mich. App. 215, 222; 375 N.W.2d 397 (1985):
The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the Legislature's intent. Lansing v Lansing Twp, 356 Mich. 641; 97 N.W.2d 804 (1959). Statutory language should be construed reasonably and the purpose of the statute and its objective should be kept in mind. Schoolcraft Co Bd of Comm'rs v Schoolcraft Memorial Hospital Bd of Trustees, 68 Mich. App. 654; 243 N.W.2d 708 (1976), lv den 397 Mich. 838 (1976). A provision should be read in its entirety and in connection with the rest of the statute. Whenever possible the meaning of one section of a statute should be read in harmony with the rest of the statute. Statutes are construed so that their words will have a reasonable meaning. Wyandotte Savings Bank v State Banking Comm'r, 347 Mich. 33; 78 N.W.2d 612 (1956).
We have reviewed the above statutory section and find that it clearly and unambiguously provides that an injury resulting from a collision with another skier is an obvious and necessary danger assumed by skiers.
The statute says that a skier accepts the obvious and necessary dangers of the sport. The statute goes on to list examples of obvious and necessary dangers. One example is a collision with another skier. Our interpretation is supported by the words "Those dangers include, but are not limited to . . . collisions .. . with other skiers. . . ." Further, this construction is consistent with the Legislature's intent of promoting safety, reducing litigation and stabilizing the economic conditions in the ski resort industry. Senate Legislative Analysis, SB49, Second Analysis, April 17, 1981.
Given our construction of this section of the statute it is necessary to consider the constitutional issues raised.
The Michigan Constitution secures the same right of equal protection (Const 1963, art 1, § 2) and due process (Const 1963, Art 1, § 17) as does its counterpart in the United States Constitution (US Const, Am XIV). Shavers v Attorney General, 402 Mich. 554; 267 N.W.2d 72 (1978), reh den 403 Mich. 958 (1978), cert den 442 U.S. 934 (1979). Fox v Employment Security Comm, 379 Mich. 579, 588; 153 N.W.2d 644 (1967). There are two principal considerations in any judicial review under either the equal protection or due process clause: the role of the courts in constitutional adjudication and the test to be applied. Manistee Bank Trust Co v McGowan, 394 Mich. 655, 665-666; 232 N.W.2d 636 (1975). This Court must be mindful that certain areas are reserved to the legislative branch. However, all agree that the power of the Legislature is not limitless.
As is well established, to ensure that those limits are not exceeded, the courts are entrusted with the responsibility to review legislative acts and, if necessary, to nullify those which are repugnant to the constitution. Therefore, it is fair to say that the Legislature sets policy through statutes and the courts ensure their constitutionality. In this delicate balance between the branches, it is always important to remind oneself that a legislative statute's appearance of undesirability, unfairness, or unjustness does not in itself empower this Court to override the Legislature and substitute its own solution, thereby acting as a "super-legislature." Dandridge v Williams, 397 U.S. 471; 90 S Ct 1153; 25 L Ed 2d 491 (1970); Shapiro v Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 661-662; 89 S Ct 1322, 1346; 22 L Ed 2d 600, 631 (1969); Manistee Bank Trust Co, supra, pp 666-667. Finally, statutes are presumed valid; the burden of rebutting that presumption is on the person challenging the statute. Shavers, supra, p 614.
There is a two-tiered approach used in equal protection cases. Manistee Bank Trust Co, supra, pp 668-669. Where the legislation discriminates against a "suspect class" or impinges on a "fundamental right," courts examine it with "strict scrutiny" to identify whether a compelling state interest exists which justifies the classification. Where neither a "suspect class" nor a "fundamental right" is involved, such as with social or economic legislation, the "rational basis" test is applied. Id. Under this level of scrutiny, the legislative classification will only be found invalid where persons are treated differently on the basis of criteria wholly unrelated in a rational way to the objective of the statute. Id. Our inquiry is limited to the issue of whether any state of facts, either known or which could be reasonably assumed, afford support for the statute. Dandridge, supra, p 485; Eastway v Eisenga, 420 Mich. 410, 420; 362 N.W.2d 684 (1984); Manistee Bank Trust Co, supra, p 668.
We have extensively reviewed the legislative history of the act, in particular the 1981 amendment presently in question. The Legislature perceived a problem with respect to the inherent dangers of skiing and the need for promoting safety, coupled with the uncertain and potentially enormous ski area operators' liability. Given these competing interests, the Legislature decided to establish rules in order to regulate the ski operators and to set out ski operators' and skiers' responsibilities in the area of safety. MCL 408.340 et seq.; MSA 18.483(20) et seq. As part of this reform, the Legislature has decided that all skiers assume the obvious and necessary dangers of skiing. This is a rational solution for limiting ski area operators' liability and promoting safety.
Plaintiff's argument that the safety of the citizen is a higher interest than the economic well-being of the ski industry and the state, so that the latter interests must give way to the former, goes to the wisdom of the legislation, not the constitutionality.
Judicial review of substantive due process challenges to socioeconomic legislation is essentially the same as that used under equal protection challenges. Shavers, supra, p 612; Johnson v Harnischfeger Corp, 414 Mich. 102, 117-118; 323 N.W.2d 912 (1982). The test to determine whether legislation enacted pursuant to the police power comports with due process is whether the legislation bears a reasonable relation to a permissible legislative objective. Shavers, supra, p 612; Johnson, supra, pp 117-118. Plaintiff bears the burden of overcoming the presumption of constitutionality by showing that no public purpose is served by the Ski Area Safety Act or that no reasonable relationship exists between the statutory means adopted and the public purpose sought to be achieved by such legislation. Eastway, supra, p 420.
The purposes of the legislation include safety, reduction in litigation and economic stabilization of an industry which substantially contributes to Michigan's economy. The delineation of ski operators' and skiers' duties and responsibilities, along with skiers' assumption of certain expressed inherent dangers, are reasonably related to obtaining these legitimate state objectives. The safety and economic rationales under the amended act are legitimate state objectives which are accomplished through a reasonable scheme rationally related to the stated legislative purpose. As such, the legislation does not violate the equal protection or due process guarantees of the constitution.
Affirmed.