Opinion
March 21, 1949.
April 11, 1949.
Wills — Execution — Time — Bequest for religious or charitable use — Prior contractual obligation — Act of June 7, 1917, P. L. 403.
1. The Act of June 7, 1917, P. L. 403, § 6, as amended by the Act of July 2, 1935, P. L. 573 (which provided that no estate should be bequeathed to any body politic or to any person in trust for religious or charitable uses except by will at least thirty days before the decease of the testator) is not applicable to a will executed in performance of testator's contractual obligation to will property to religious charities. [385-91]
2. Hoffner's Estate, 161 Pa. 331, followed. [389] Contracts — Agreement to will property — Consideration — Mutual promises by husband and wife.
3. Mutual promises, made to each other in the presence of a witness by husband and wife, that the survivor will will the property owned by them as tenants by the entireties to particular beneficiaries or for particular purposes, constitute an enforceable contract. [387]
4. An agreement to make a will or to devise one's property to a particular person or for a particular purpose is binding and irrevocable when supported by valid consideration. [387]
Argued March 21, 1949.
Before MAXEY, C. J., DREW, LINN, STERN, PATTERSON and STEARNE, JJ.
Appeals, Nos. 31 and 35 to 38, inclusive, March T., 1949, from decree of Orphans' Court, Erie Co., May T., 1948, No. 100, in Estate of Mary Louise Gredler, Deceased. Decree affirmed.
Audit of account of executor. Before WAITE, P. J.
Adjudication filed finding charitable bequests to be valid; exceptions to adjudication dismissed and final decree entered. Heirs filed separate appeals.
Robert N. Spaeder, with him Robert J. Miller and Marsh, Spaeder, Baur Spaeder, for appellants.
Charles E. Kenworthey, with him Frank B. Quinn, Reed, Smith, Shaw McClay, and Gifford, Graham, MacDonald Illig, for appellee.
We are concerned on this appeal with the question whether the Act of June 7, 1917, P. L. 403, § 6, applies to the situation here involved. That Act, as amended by the Act of July 2, 1935, P. L. 573, provided that "No estate, real or personal, shall be bequeathed or devised to any body politic, or to any person in trust for religious or charitable uses, except the same be done by will at least thirty days before the decease of the testator; and all dispositions of property contrary hereto shall be void and go to the residuary legatee or devisee, heirs or next of kin, according to law."
The Act of June 7, 1917, P. L. 403, was repealed by the Act of April 24, 1947, P. L. 89, which became effective, however, only on January 1, 1948.
The facts are these: William Gredler and Mary Louise Gredler, husband and wife, owned as tenants by the entireties a property situate at the northeast corner of 27th and Parade Streets in the City of Erie and also personal property which they had acquired in the joint operation of a meat market and grocery store. In 1937 they requested Raymond P. Leemhuis, Esq., a member of the Erie County Bar, to call at their residence in order to draft their wills. Mr. Leemhuis testified that "they told me that they wanted and they had agreed that their property and their estate and funds should be held and used for the Catholic Church and its institutions — any of the charitable institutions connected therewith. That is the way they wanted, that they had agreed between themselves and they wanted their property used and applied. . . . I remember Mr. Gredler saying 'we have no children and we have agreed and we want it arranged between ourselves that whatever we have left, our residuary estate after the payment of taxes and so forth, shall go to institutions operated by or having some connection with the Catholic Church.' " He suggested to them that it was not necessary at that time to draw wills, but instead, "if that was their agreement that the property should go that way then they should agree right then and there that the survivor should make a will carrying out their joint wishes and they both said, 'well, that is what we will do' and between themselves they said, 'well, whoever the survivor is, the survivor will make the will' ". To the question what, if anything, they further said at that meeting "as to the method by which the institution or institutions connected with the Catholic Church should receive the use and benefit of their property?" Mr. Leemhuis replied that "It was understood that upon the death or after the death of the first one that the survivor would make a last will and testament incorporating the institutions upon which they would agree. That was the method — by last will and testament, upon which they did or had agreed." To the question "But they didn't, in the presence of you, establish that agreement then and there, they just merely made statements?" Mr. Leemhuis answered, "Yes, they stated right then and there — 'that is what we are agreeing upon' — that is just what they did". He added that "They wanted to have an attorney or, somebody there that they could express their agreement in the presence of."
Counsel agreed by stipulation that the facts to which Mr. Leemhuis testified were true and correct.
From this testimony it would seem entirely clear that the husband and wife agreed, in Mr. Leemhuis' presence, that the survivor would will the property owned by them as tenants by the entireties to charitable institutions connected with the Catholic Church. These mutual promises, made by the parties in the presence of a witness, (cf. Moffitt v. Moffitt, 340 Pa. 107, 16 A.2d 418) constituted an enforceable contract. It is well established that an agreement to make a will or to devise one's property to a particular person or for a particular purpose is binding and irrevocable when supported by what the law regards as valid consideration.
McGinley's Estate, 257 Pa. 478, 483, 101 A. 807, 808; Cridge's Estate, 289 Pa. 331, 337, 137 A. 455, 458; Craig's Estate, 298 Pa. 235, 241, 148 A. 83, 85; Cramer v. McKinney, Executors, 355 Pa. 202, 204, 49 A.2d 374, 375; Culhane's Estate, 133 Pa. Super. 339, 347, 348, 2 A.2d 567, 571.
In 1938 Mr. Gredler died; he left no will, all the property held as tenants by the entireties passing to his widow by operation of law. In 1941, Mrs. Gredler consulted Mr. Leemhuis about the preparation of her will and he drafted one for her which she executed and in which she made bequests to institutions of the Catholic Church for the purpose of masses for the repose of her soul and that of her deceased husband; she left a legacy also to a certain Catholic church and she devised her residuary estate to two institutions conducted under Catholic direction and control. All these institutions were included in a list contained in a slip of paper which she showed to Mr. Leemhuis, saying that "these are the institutions and the places that Bill [her husband] wants to have the money . . . . these are the names of the institutions which Bill and I have agreed upon." In 1947 other counsel prepared for her a will in which she revoked that of 1941, and in which she made some changes in the bequests to charities and left her residuary estate, instead of to the two institutions previously named, to the Rt. Rev. John Mark Gannon, Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Erie, or his successor in office, in trust "to select and educate young men whom he deems qualified for the Catholic priesthood and to use the said residue and remainder of my estate as he shall deem necessary, adequate and expedient for that purpose." This will was executed on July 1, 1947. Mrs. Gredler died within 30 days thereafter, namely, on July 24, 1947.
Mrs. Gredler's heirs at law, who are contesting the validity of her bequests to the charitable institutions, make much of the fact that the beneficiaries now named, especially the beneficiary of the residuary estate, do not accord with the list of those whom she and her husband had originally selected. But a fair inference to be drawn from the testimony is that the agreement between them did not impose an obligation on either to leave the property to any particular institutions but only to such as were in the general class of those connected with the Catholic Church; the names on the written list were apparently in the nature merely of tentative suggestions, the right of final selection to remain with the survivor; the agreement was that their property was to go to " any of the charitable institutions" connected with the Catholic Church. Accordingly the provisions of the will of 1947 undoubtedly comply with the obligation entailed upon Mrs. Gredler by reason of the contract which she had entered into with her husband.
The question then arises: Where there was thus on the part of the testatrix a contractual obligation to will property to certain beneficiaries, was the devise made in performance of such obligation void by reason of her death within thirty days from the execution of her will?
It was said by Mr. Chief Justice MITCHELL in Paxson's Estate, 221 Pa. 98, 111, 70 A. 280, 285: "The purpose of this act [Act of April 26, 1855, P. L. 328] is plain. It was to make reasonably sure that testamentary gifts to religion or charity were the result of deliberate intent of the testator, and were not coerced from him while in weakened physical condition under the influence of the doubts and terrors of impending death." He had similarly stated in his dissenting opinion in Hoffner's Estate, 161 Pa. 331, 343, 29 A. 33, 35, that "The law recognizes such bequests as valid, but requires them to be made when the judgment is clear, and the obligation is not sharpened or exaggerated by the terrors of impending death." Certainly that requirement was not lacking in the present case, because the bequests made by the testatrix to the Catholic charities were not coerced from her under the influence of the terrors of impending death but were the product of an agreement into which she had deliberately and intelligently entered some ten years before her final illness. The decision in Hoffner's Estate, 161 Pa. 331, 29 A. 33, and the underlying principles there enunciated, would seem fairly to control the present controversy. In that case a testatrix had acquired certain property under the will of a sister-in-law to whom she had promised that she, in her own will, would make a bequest of the property to a certain church. She carried out this promise by making such a bequest, but died within thirty days from the time she executed her will. The auditing judge, PENROSE, J., held (p. 336) that "the gift is . . . to be maintained because it was made in compliance with a duty on the part of the testator arising from her promise to the original owner from whom she acquired the property, a duty which would have been enforced in equity had she not voluntarily performed it. . . . An obligation thus created could not be defeated by the act of the party bound in deferring the execution of the trust until so late a time that the act of assembly, if he were dealing with his own property, would make such execution invalid." This Court affirmed the view thus expressed and ruled that the bequest was valid notwithstanding the statute. It is true that there the bequest was made in pursuance of a promise to one who had given the property to the testatrix with that understanding, whereas in the present case the promise of the testatrix was not made in consideration of receiving any property from her husband. Consideration for Mrs. Gredler's promise, however, is to be found in the similar promise made by her husband if he should prove to be the survivor; such mutual promises constituted a valid and binding contract. When the testatrix executed her will, therefore, the bequests to the Catholic charities were not tainted by the evil contemplated by the statute but were made in pursuance of a legal obligation on her part so to do, — an obligation, which could have been enforced against her had she failed to perform it and which she could not evade by either a wilful or a negligent postponement of the execution of her will until within the thirty day period preceding her death. It is clear that under any reasonable interpretation of the Wills Act of 1917 it has no application to such a situation and that the Orphans' Court of Erie County was therefore correct in rejecting, as it did, the contention of the testatrix's heirs at law that the bequests to the charities were invalid.
Decree affirmed; costs to be paid by appellants.