Id. at 1079 n. 4. Similarly, in Great Western Savings Bank v. George W. Easley Co., 778 P.2d 569 (Alaska 1989), the trial court entered an order subordinating a construction lender's deed of trust to a general contractor's mechanics' lien. On appeal, the Alaska Supreme Court ruled that, because it was affirming a money judgment against the lender, "the order of subordination can be viewed as an order in aid of collection of the judgment which is within the inherent power of the court."
Under Alaska law, “[i]n order to assert a claim for breach of contract, a plaintiff must generally allege: (1) the existence of a contract; (2) breach; (3) causation; and (4) damages.” Nicdao v. Chase Home Fin., 839 F.Supp.2d 1051, 1068 (D.Alaska 2012) (citing Great W. Sav. Bank v. George W. Easley Co., 778 P.2d 569, 577–78 (Alaska 1989) ; Winn v. Mannhalter, 708 P.2d 444, 450 (Alaska 1985) ). Under New York law, the elements of a cause of action for breach of contract are “(1) the existence of a contract between [the plaintiff] and [the] defendant; (2) performance of the plaintiff's obligations under the contract; (3) breach of the contract by [the] defendant; and (4) damages to the plaintiff caused by [the] defendant's breach.
We rejected that argument, unequivocally ruling that Civil Rule 8 does not require a complaint to affirmatively plead contract elements: 778 P.2d 569 (Alaska 1989).Id. at 577-78.
We have consistently maintained that "[p]unitive damages are not recoverable for breach of contract unless the conduct constituting the breach constitutes an independent tort." ARCO Alaska, Inc. v. Akers, 753 P.2d 1150, 1153 (Alaska 1988); see also Great Western Savings Bank v. George W. Easley Co., 778 P.2d 569, 580 (Alaska 1989) ("punitive damages are not normally allowed on a breach of contract claim unless the conduct would also be a tort"); Walt v. State, 751 P.2d 1345, 1354 (Alaska 1988) (punitive damages unavailable because claimant "assert[ed] no recognizable tort claims"); Wien Air Alaska v. Bubbel, 723 P.2d 627, 630-31 (Alaska 1986). Thus, it would seem that we must decide whether Racine's hybrid action is a "tort" for purposes of determining the availability of punitive damages.
However, Alaska is a notice pleading state. Alaska R. Civ. P. 8(a); see also Great Western Savings Bank v. George W. Easley Co., 778 P.2d 569, 577 (Alaska 1989). Civil Rule 8(a) requires only a "short and plain statement of the claim" that will give the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds upon which it rests. Great Western, 778 P.2d at 577.
'"Sturm, Ruger Co., Inc. v. Day, 594 P.2d 38, 46 (Alaska 1979) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 908 (Tent. Draft No. 19, 1973)), modified, 615 P.2d 621 (Alaska 1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 894, 102 S.Ct. 391, 70 L.Ed.2d 209 (1981), overruled on other grounds, Dura Corp. v. Harned, 703 P.2d 396 (Alaska 1985); accord Great Western Sav. Bank v. George W. Easley Co., J.V., 778 P.2d 569 (Alaska 1989); Lee Houston Associates, Ltd. v. Racine, 806 P.2d 848 (Alaska 1991). Punitive damages require proof by clear and convincing evidence.
See, generally, 53 Am. Jur. 2d Mechanics' Liens §§ 338 and 339 (1996). See, also, e.g., Great Western Sav. v. George W. Easley, 778 P.2d 569 (Alaska 1989); Pine Gravel, Inc. v. Cianchette d/b/a Site Prep., 128 N.H. 460, 514 A.2d 1282 (1986); Sentry Engineering v. Mariner's Cay Dev. Corp., 287 S.C. 346, 338 S.E.2d 631 (1985); Meier v. Novak, 338 N.W.2d 631 (N.D. 1983); Lane-Tahoe, Inc. v. Kindred Constr. Co., 91 Nev. 385, 536 P.2d 491 (1975), disapproved on other grounds, County of Clark v. Blanchard Constr. Co., 98 Nev. 488, 653 P.2d 1217 (1982); McHugh Elec. Co. vs. Hessler Rlty. Dev. Co., 50 Del. 296, 129 A.2d 654 (1957); W. Va. Engin. Corp. v. Kurish, 137 W. Va. 856, 74 S.E.2d 596 (1953); Herro v. Heating Plumbing F. Corp., 206 Wis. 256, 239 N.W. 413 (1931); Southern Sur. Co. v. York Tire Service, 209 Iowa 104, 227 N.W. 606 (1929); Alberti v. Moore et al., 20 Okla. 78, 93 P. 543 (1908); Groesbeck v. Linden, 321 N.J. Super. 349, 729 A.2d 47 (1999); Old Kent v Whitaker Constr Co, 222 Mich. App. 436, 566 N.W.2d 1 (1997), appeal denied 457 Mich. 858, 581 N.W.2d 729 (1998); Brook-Hattan Utilities v. 893 Const., 180 A.D.2d 660, 579 N.Y.
In the majority of cases courts have declared that, in the absence of a valid claim under a state's mechanic lien statute, the contractor is not precluded from pursuing whatever common-law actions are available. See Lockhart v. O'Neal, 253 Ala. 254, 255-56, 44 So.2d 17, 17-18 (1950); Madison Highlands Dev. Co. v. Dean Son Plumbing Co., 415 So.2d 1129, 1131 (Ala.Civ.App. 1982); Great W. Sav. Bank v. George W. Easley Co., 778 P.2d 569, 578 (Alaska 1989); Phoenix Title Trust Co. v. Garrett, 73 Ariz. 55, 56-57, 237 P.2d 470, 471 (1951); Nibbi Bros., Inc. v. Brannan St. Investors, 205 Cal.App.3d 1415, 1421-23, 253 Cal.Rptr. 289, 293 (1988); Robinson v. Peardon, 112 Cal.App.2d 794, 795, 247 P.2d 83, 83 (1952); Hayutin v. Gibbons, 139 Colo. 262, 265-67, 338 P.2d 1032, 1035 (1959); J. Batten Corp. v. Oakridge Inv. 85, Ltd., 546 So.2d 68, 69 (Fla.App. 1989); Cato v. David Excavating Co., 435 N.E.2d 597, 606 (Ind. App. 1982); Rafaelsen v. Olson, 174 Kan. 86, 86-87, 254 P.2d 268, 269 (1953); Poulos v. Stewart, 313 Ky. 812, 815, 233 S.W.2d 994, 996 (1950); Friedman v. Stein, 4 N.J. 34, 44-46, 71 A.2d 346, 351-52 (1950); Brook-Hattan Utils., Inc. v. 893 Constr. Corp., 180 A.D.2d 660, 579 N.Y.S.2d 705, 706 (N.Y.App. Div. 1992) (mem.); Wiggins v. Southwood Park Corp., 221 Or. 61, 65-67, 350 P.2d 436, 438 (1960); Neiderhauser Builders Dev. Corp. v. Campbell, 824 P.2d 1193, 1196 (Utah App. 1992); West Virginia Sanitary Eng'g Corp. v. Kurish, 137
Rather, we will determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, is such that reasonable persons could not differ in their judgment. Great Western Sav. Bank v. George W. Easley Co., 778 P.2d 569, 578 (Alaska 1989). The superior court called the note to the attorneys' attention and with the attorneys' approval questioned the jury about its intent.
"White v. State ex rel. Block, 597 P.2d 172, 176 n. 13 (Alaska 1979) (quoting 6 Harold Remington, A Treatise on the Bankruptcy Law of the United States § 2874 (5th ed. 1952)); see also Great Western Sav. Bank v. George W. Easley Co., 778 P.2d 569, 581 (Alaska 1989).White, 597 P.2d at 175-76.