Opinion
2011-08-23
Mayda GONZALEZ, etc., respondent,v.NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY, appellant.
Wallace D. Gossett, Brooklyn, N.Y. (Lawrence Heisler of counsel), for appellant.Dinkes & Schwitzer, New York, N.Y. (Andrea M. Arrigo of counsel), for respondent.
Wallace D. Gossett, Brooklyn, N.Y. (Lawrence Heisler of counsel), for appellant.Dinkes & Schwitzer, New York, N.Y. (Andrea M. Arrigo of counsel), for respondent.
In an action to recover damages for personal injuries, the defendant appeals from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Kings County (Kramer, J.), dated February 19, 2008, which, upon a jury verdict on the issue of liability finding it 100% at fault in the happening of the accident and a separate jury verdict on the issue of damages awarding the plaintiff the sums of $1,500,000 for past pain and suffering, $1,000,000 for future pain and suffering, $116,404.89 for past medical expenses, and $100,000 for future medical expenses, upon an order of the same court dated November
30, 2007, inter alia, granting that branch of the defendant's motion pursuant to CPLR 4404 which was for a new trial on the issue of damages for future pain and suffering unless the plaintiff stipulated to reduce the award for future pain and suffering from the sum of $1,000,000 to the sum of $500,000, and denying that branch of the defendant's motion which was to set aside the verdict on the issue of liability, and upon a stipulation to reduce the verdict on the issue of damages as to future medical expenses from the sum of $100,000 to the sum of $40,000, is in favor of the plaintiff and against it.
ORDERED that the judgment is modified, on the facts and in the exercise of discretion, by deleting the provision thereof awarding damages for past pain and suffering; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed, without costs or disbursements, and the matter is remitted to the Supreme Court, Kings County, for a new trial on the issue of damages as to past pain and suffering and thereafter for the entry of an amended judgment unless within 30 days after service upon the plaintiff of a copy of this decision and order, the plaintiff shall serve and file in the office of the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Kings County, a written stipulation consenting to reduce the verdict on the issue of damages as to past pain and suffering from the sum of $1,500,000 to the sum of $400,000; in the event that the plaintiff so stipulates, then the judgment, as so reduced and amended, is affirmed, without costs or disbursements.
The plaintiff's decedent, Benny Gonzalez (hereinafter Gonzalez), who was 43 years old at the time of the accident, slipped or tripped while descending the stairway from the elevated Cypress Hills subway station to the street. He did not actually fall, but, in struggling to regain his balance, he ruptured his right quadriceps tendon, which caused an avulsion fracture of the patella. Gonzalez alleged that the accident was caused by a defect in the stair-a missing piece of metal and concrete ledge. The defendant, New York City Transit Authority, asserted that Gonzalez failed to establish, prima facie, that it had notice of the alleged defect or that such defect caused the accident, rather than the slippery state of the wet stairs.
At trial, Gonzalez called as a witness, among others, an orthopedic surgeon who had examined him at the request of Gonzalez's attorney, in August 2003, and again in August 2006. That surgeon testified, inter alia, that, by the time of the 2003 visit, Gonzalez was able to walk without a brace or other walking aid, and with a normal gait, but still experienced pain and somewhat limited range of motion compared to the uninjured leg. In 2006, the range of motion had improved, but the knee was swollen, and X-rays revealed the development of a bony spur on the upper patella. The surgeon's prognosis was that Gonzalez had traumatic arthritis and permanent recurring swelling and pain. He opined that Gonzalez would probably require reconstructive knee surgery in the future. The defendant's expert witness disputed those conclusions, testifying, inter alia, that, in her opinion, no future surgery was indicated.
The jury found that the Gonzalez's injury was caused by the defendant's negligence and awarded damages, inter alia, for past pain and suffering in the sum of $1,500,000 and for future pain and suffering in the sum of $1,000,000. The defendant moved to set aside the verdict pursuant to, among other things, CPLR 4404; the motion was granted only to the extent that a new trial was granted on the issue of damages for future pain and suffering unless Gonzalez stipulated to reduce the
award from the sum of $1,000,000 to the sum of $500,000.
Contrary to the defendant's contention, Gonzalez adduced sufficient evidence from which the jury could rationally conclude that the defendant had constructive notice of the defect in the step that caused the accident ( see Cohen v. Hallmark Cards, 45 N.Y.2d 493, 499, 410 N.Y.S.2d 282, 382 N.E.2d 1145; Anthony v. New York City Tr. Auth., 38 A.D.3d 484, 485, 832 N.Y.S.2d 63; Nicastro v. Park, 113 A.D.2d 129, 132, 495 N.Y.S.2d 184). “[P]hotographs may be used to prove constructive notice of an alleged defect shown in the photographs if they are taken reasonably close to the time of the accident, and if there is testimony that the condition at the time of the accident was similar to the condition shown in the photographs” ( DeGiacomo v. Westchester County Healthcare Corp., 295 A.D.2d 395, 743 N.Y.S.2d 548). Gonzalez relied on the photographs of the defective step to establish constructive notice. Gonzalez's daughter and the investigator's photographer testified that the photographs were taken on February 4, 2003, only five days after the accident, and that they accurately represented the step as it was on the day of the accident. The photographs show the step was missing a section of the metal ledge covering the rest of the step's edge, as well as a piece of concrete, causing a depression approximately one inch deep and 3 1/2 inches wide. The photographs also show that the area around the depression and the concrete in the depression itself was covered with dirty yellow paint, establishing that the defect in the stair had been there long enough to have been painted over which, based on the appearance of the paint, had not been in the recent past. Testimony by a supervisor at the subway station based on a record of “trouble calls” made by station supervisors requesting repainting of the stairs with the yellow safety paint established that the last paint job had been done long before the day of the accident. This was sufficient to provide a “valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences” ( Cohen v. Hallmark Cards, 45 N.Y.2d at 499, 410 N.Y.S.2d 282, 382 N.E.2d 1145; Nicastro v. Park, 113 A.D.2d at 132, 495 N.Y.S.2d 184) to lead rational persons to the conclusion that the defect had been there “a sufficient length of time prior to [the] accident to permit the defendant's employees to discover and remedy it” ( Anthony v. New York City Tr. Auth., 38 A.D.3d at 485–486, 832 N.Y.S.2d 63; see Gordon v. American Museum of Natural History, 67 N.Y.2d 836, 837, 501 N.Y.S.2d 646, 492 N.E.2d 774; Pugliese v. D'Estrada, 259 A.D.2d 743, 743–744, 687 N.Y.S.2d 430). Accordingly, the evidence was legally sufficient to establish constructive notice of the defect. Moreover, because the jury could impute constructive notice to the defendant based upon a fair interpretation of the same photographs and record of trouble calls, the verdict was not contrary to the weight of the evidence ( see Lolik v. Big v. Supermarkets, 86 N.Y.2d 744, 746, 631 N.Y.S.2d 122, 655 N.E.2d 163; Phillips v. United Artists Communications, 201 A.D.2d 634, 635, 607 N.Y.S.2d 976; Catanzaro v. King Kullen Grocery Co., 194 A.D.2d 584, 585, 599 N.Y.S.2d 74). Therefore, the trial court properly denied that branch of the defendant's motion pursuant to CPLR 4404(a) which was to set aside the verdict on the issue of liability.
Nor can it be said that the trial court improvidently exercised its discretion in permitting Gonzalez to call his daughter to testify, as there is no evidence that the failure to provide notice of the witness until after jury selection was willful or contumacious ( see
Pena v. City of New York, 261 A.D.2d 373, 689 N.Y.S.2d 223; Halley v. Winnicki, 255 A.D.2d 489, 681 N.Y.S.2d 60; Fama v. Marchetti, 215 A.D.2d 721, 627 N.Y.S.2d 79). Moreover, the defendant could have avoided any prejudice by requesting an adjournment to depose the witness, or by taking advantage of Gonzalez's offer to produce the witness during the two-week interim between jury selection and the start of testimony ( see Gendusa v. Yu Lin Chen, 71 A.D.3d 1085, 1086, 897 N.Y.S.2d 508).
The damages awarded for future pain and suffering, as reduced by the Supreme Court subject to Gonzalez's stipulation, did not deviate materially from what would be reasonable compensation ( see CPLR 5501[c] ).
However, we find that the award of damages for past pain and suffering is excessive to the extent indicated herein ( see Thomas v. 14 Rollins St. Realty Corp., 25 A.D.3d 317, 807 N.Y.S.2d 56; Hoerner v. Chrysler Fin. Co., L.L.C., 21 A.D.3d 1254, 802 N.Y.S.2d 583; Van Ness v. New York City Tr. Auth., 288 A.D.2d 374, 376, 734 N.Y.S.2d 73). The defendant's challenge to the damages awarded for future medical expenses is not properly before this Court, as the defendant stipulated to a reduction in damages in that category.
The defendant's remaining contention is unpreserved for appellate review.