Opinion
Docket No. 80726.
Decided September 3, 1985. Leave to appeal applied for.
Lampert, Fried Levitt, P.C. (by Gary E. Levitt and Mary K. Morgan), for plaintiff.
Donald Pailen, Corporation Counsel, Abigail Elias, Deputy Corporation Counsel, William L. Woodard, Supervising Assistant Corporation Counsel, and Harnetha Williams-Jarrett, Assistant Corporation Counsel, for defendant.
Before: BEASLEY, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and M.J. KELLY, JJ.
Plaintiff, Janice A. Gillispie, appeals as of right from an order denying her motion to set aside a document entitled a Satisfaction of Judgment.
The history of this case is set forth in Gillispie v Board of Tenant Affairs of the Detroit Housing Comm, in which we affirmed a judgment of $500,000 in favor of plaintiff. This judgment was entered after an order of remittitur had reduced a jury verdict of $750,000. The parties agreed that $956,463.50 would fully pay the judgment, and that amount was paid to plaintiff. On January 20, 1984, a satisfaction of judgment was filed. At no time prior to the filing of the satisfaction of judgment did plaintiff ever dispute the method utilized to calculate the interest.
122 Mich. App. 699; 332 N.W.2d 474 (1983), lv den 417 Mich 1100.37 (1983).
In August, 1984, plaintiff filed a motion in the circuit court for relief from final proceedings pursuant to GCR 1963, 528.3(1), now MCR 2.612(C)(1)(a). Plaintiff argued that relief should be granted based on a mistake, which she contends became apparent after this court's decision in Gage v Ford Motor Co, but the motion was denied.
133 Mich. App. 366; 350 N.W.2d 257 (1984), lv gtd 422 Mich. 873 (1985).
On appeal, plaintiff claims that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motion to set aside the satisfaction of judgment.
MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013, which governs the computation of interest on money judgments recovered in civil actions, was amended by 1980 PA 134 to read:
"Sec. 6013. (1) Interest shall be allowed on a money judgment recovered in a civil action, as provided in this section.
"(2) For complaints filed before June 1, 1980, in an action involving other than a written instrument having a rate of interest exceeding 6% per year, the interest on the judgment shall be calculated from the date of filing the complaint to June 1, 1980 at the rate of 6% per year and on and after June 1, 1980 to the date of satisfaction of the judgment at the rate of 12% per year compounded annually."
Prior to the Gage decision, there was considerable confusion as to whether the 12% should be compounded only on the original judgment or on the balance owing as of June 1, 1980. In Gage, this Court decided the question in favor of the latter interpretation. The parties in the within case, however, calculated the interest owing on plaintiff's award in accord with the other method. Plaintiff sought relief from the judgment after publication of Gage on the basis that the calculation of interest was the result of a mutual mistake. As indicated, the trial court denied plaintiff's motion to set aside the judgment.
GCR 1963, 528.3(1), now MCR 2.612(C)(1)(a).
Denial of a motion to set aside a judgment will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Relief from a judgment under GCR 1963, 528.3(1) will only be granted when the circumstances are extraordinary and the failure to grant the relief would result in substantial injustice. A mutual mistake is one in which the written instrument differs from the parties' intent because of a mutual; error. It does not refer to a mistake regarding an extrinsic fact. In Marshall v Marshall, we examined the effect of a mutual mistake on a property settlement agreement and held that if there was no mistake as to the instrument actually entered into, then relief from the judgment will not be granted.
Lark v Detroit Edison Co, 99 Mich. App. 280, 282-283; 297 N.W.2d 653 (1980), lv den 410 Mich. 906 (1981).
135 Mich. App. 702, 711; 355 N.W.2d 661 (1984).
The satisfaction of judgment entered in the present case accurately represented the intention of the parties. The so-called mistake complained of by plaintiff related only to plaintiff's method of computing the interest; an extrinsic fact. Moreover, at the time that the parties computed the interest and agreed upon the amount, their computation was not incorrect.
Schwartz v Piper Aircraft Corp, 90 Mich. App. 324; 282 N.W.2d 306 (1979).
Finally, we do not believe that the failure to set aside the satisfaction of judgment will result in a substantial injustice. Plaintiff's attorney was obviously aware of the computation method applied and apparently selected it. If MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013 was previously open to interpretation, plaintiff's counsel could have just as easily selected the alternate method, but apparently chose not to do so. Plaintiff, by executing the satisfaction of judgment, acknowledged the method of computation, affirmed the calculation and gave an aura of finality to the transaction. No substantial injustice is visited upon plaintiff by now requiring her to abide by the terms of the judgment which she knowingly accepted. For these reasons, there was no abuse of discretion in the trial court's denial of the motion to set aside the satisfaction of judgment.
Plaintiff also argues that since Gage did not create new law, but merely interpreted a pre-existing statute, its application is not controlled by the considerations which typically determine retroactive application. While it may be said that Gage did not create a new rule of law, as that term is typically understood, it did resolve an ambiguity in the law which had previously led trial courts to interpret the statute in contrary and inconsistent ways. In Gage, the Court said that "[t]he statute is clearly open to either construction", thereby negating plaintiff's contention that the contrary conclusion was incorrect even prior to Gage. If Gage did not constitute new law, it was clearly a departure from many of the earlier cases, and it should not be retroactively applied absent consideration of its effect on the parties and the administration of justice.
Gage, supra, p 373.
Three considerations are often applied to control retroactivity: (1) the purpose of the new rule, (2) the litigants' reliance on the old rule, and (3) the impact of the rule on the administration of justice. Consideration of the third factor alone militates in favor of denying the retroactive application of Gage to the present case. As the trial court noted, if Gage were to be applied to cases in which a satisfaction of judgment had already been executed, "[w]e could have 10,000 people coming back here and asking the court to change their judgments". The court's concern is not without basis. The application of Gage to an action which is no longer pending could well open the floodgates to other litigants eager to increase their recovery and could lead to disasterous results in relation to matters properly considered closed.
Thompson v Thompson, 112 Mich. App. 116, 120; 315 N.W.2d 555 (1982).
Moreover, even if retroactive application was deemed fitting, it would not extend to cases in which the cause of action is no longer pending. Normally, application of a new rule of law falls within one of three categories. A new rule of law may be (1) applied in all cases in which a cause of action has accrued and which are still lawfully pending, plus all future cases, (2) applied to the case at bar and all future cases, or (3) applied only to future cases. Even the most far reaching category would not encompass the present case. We believe it is clear that retroactive application of Gage would be inappropriate in the present case.
Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich. 638, 662; 275 N.W.2d 511 (1979), reh den 406 Mich. 1119 (1979).
Last, it should be remembered that traditionally the filing of a satisfaction of judgment is understood to have a finality about it and this is deservedly so. In the practice, experienced lawyers know that the last and final step in a case is the filing of a satisfaction of judgment. Cases should at some point have a finality about them. Appeals should not be endless. The filing of a satisfaction of judgment is and should be the mark of finality.
Affirmed.