Opinion
No. 2970749.
October 16, 1998. Opinion Overruling Rehearing December 11, 1998.
Appeal from Jefferson Circuit Court, No. CV-96-006, Dan King, J.
Myron K. Allenstein of Allenstein Associates, for appellants.
Charles S. Wagner, asst. county atty., for Jefferson County.
Michael L. Funera and his wife, Linda Funera, sued Drummond Company, Inc.; Jefferson County and the County's commissioners (hereinafter collectively referred to as "the County"); and Don Parks.
The complaint alleged the following: On or about February 28, 1995, Michael Funera, a truck driver, was on his way to Drummond's Shoal Creek Mine to deliver a piece of heavy equipment. He was traveling westbound on Nancy Ann Bend Road, near the intersection of Lock 17 Road, when he was involved in a motor vehichle accident. The accident occurred when Mr. Funera swerved to the right to avoid colliding with an eastbound vehicle, driven by Parks, which had veered into a portion of Mr. Funera's lane, the westbound lane. The right wheels of Mr. Funera's tractor truck went off the road, causing the tractor truck to overturn.
The Funeras alleged that the County has a "duty to keep its roads in a reasonably safe condition for travel" and that the County had negligently, willfully, and wantonly "breached its duty in its failure to properly maintain the roadway known as Nancy Ann Bend." The Funeras also alleged that the County, "after having knowledge or reasonable grounds for knowledge, failed to provide adequate warning devices to appropriately forewarn drivers of the nature of the road conditions at the site of the accident" and that such "failure resulted in the injuries to [Mr. Funera]."
The county answered, denying the allegations and contending that the Funeras were barred from any recovery by contributory negligence on the part of Mr. Funera; by an independent intervening cause; and by the absence of a defect — but it contended that if, in fact, such a defect existed, the County had had no notice of it.
Thereafter, the County filed a summary judgment motion, along with affidavits and a brief in support of the motion. The Funeras filed a brief in opposition to the summary judgment motion, as well as affidavits, depositions, and other documentation in support of their position.
The trial court entered a summary judgment in favor of the County and certified the judgment as final, pursuant to Rule 54(b), Ala. R. Civ.P. The Funeras filed a motion for a new trial, which was denied.
The Funeras appealed. Our supreme court has transferred this case to this court pursuant to § 12-2-7(6), Ala. Code 1975.
We note that the trial court had previously entered a summary judgment in favor of Drummond, and that this court had affirmed that judgment without opinion. Funera v. Drummond Co., (No. 2960967) ___ So.2d ___ (Ala.Civ.App. 1997) (table).
On appeal, the Funeras contend that the summary judgment in favor of the County is not appropriate. We agree.
Rule 56(c), Ala. R. Civ.P., provides that a summary judgment is appropriate in situations where no genuine issue of any material fact exists and the movant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. It is well-settled that the moving party has the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that all reasonable uncertainties regarding the existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved against the moving party Porter v. Fisher, 636 So.2d 682 (Ala.Civ.App. 1994).
Once the movant makes a prima facie showing that no genuine issue material fact exists, then the burden shifts to the non-moving party to present substantial evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact, the court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party. Porter, 636 So.2d 682; McClendon v. Mountain Top Indoor Flea Market Inc., 601 So.2d 957 (Ala. 1992).
In Elmore County Comm'n v. Ragona, 540 So.2d 720, 724 (Ala. 1989), our supreme court stated:
"It is undisputed that governmental entities, by virtue of their exclusive authority to maintain and control the roadways, are under a common law duty to keep them in repair and in a reasonably safe condition for their intended use. . . .
"Since the county can be sued for its negligence, and is exclusively responsible for the maintenance and control of its roadways, its standard of care is to keep its roads in a reasonably safe condition for travel, and to remedy defects in the roadway upon receipt of notice."
(Citations omitted.)
In support of its summary judgment motion, the County filed the affidavit of Wayne Blackwell, the County's traffic engineer. Blackwell stated in his affidavit:
I have reviewed the wreck report and accident site. The road was properly signed and marked in accordance with the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices at the time of Mr. Funera's wreck. Furthermore, I found no defect in the roadway or road shoulder at the location of his wreck. It is further my opinion that a reasonable, prudent driver should have no problem negotiating the portion of Nancy Ann Bend Road in question."
The Funeras filed numerous documents in opposition to the summary judgment motion, including Michael Funera's deposition and the affidavit of their expert, Richard Rice, a professional engineer. Mr. Funera testified that the accident occurred at approximately 8:30 p.m. and that he was traveling approximately 30 to 35 m.p.h. He also testified that the accident happened as follows:
"And [the car] was sort of in my lane. I moved over a little bit [to the right] to miss him. When I started back up to get back on the road, the truck turned over."
In his affidavit Rice stated the following:
"Based on my examination of the roadway, my review of the above items, my measurements, and the survey of Mr. Armstrong, I am of the opinion that the roadway where the accident occurred was defective and was not reasonably safe due to two violations as follows:
"(1) The curve where the accident took place had a radius of curvature as low as approximately 165 feet. The maximum superelevation (i.e. cross slope) stated by AASHTO [American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials] and ALDOT [Alabama Department of Transportation] for this curvature is 0.08 feet per foot. The measured superelvevation of this curve was 0.18 feet per foot in the location of the accident. This was 2.25 times the maximum published superelevation. This large amount of superelevation created an ultrahazardous risk that large, slow-moving vehicles might turn over. The risk was even greater for vehicles with high heavy loads with a higher center of gravity.
"(2) The highway shoulder where the accident took place does not meet the standard set by AASHTO and ALDOT. The maximum cross-section slope of the shoulder as described by AASHTO and the ALDOT is 8°. The measured cross-section slope at the accident location was 20°. This excessive slope created an ultrahazardous condition.
"Both of the above violations created an unnecessary, unreasonable, and ultrahazardous risk of danger to vehicles. The risk was compounded by the fact that the risk of the sloping roadway was made more dangerous by the steep slope of the shoulder. A truck with a heavy load was particularly at risk. If any wheel of the vehicle went off the pavement, the trailer would be so tilted that gravity would exert a strong force to turn the trailer over. In my opinion, that is exactly what happened to Mr. Funera.
" In my opinion, Mr. Funera's truck would not have turned over if there had been and adequate shoulder within specifications set by AASHTO and ALDOT. The standards and regulations of AASHTO and ALDOT apply to Alabama roads and the road in question.
" It is also my opinion that Mr. Funera's truck would not have turned over if the superelevation of the roadway had been in conformity with AASHTO and ALDOT."
(Emphasis added.) Rice also stated the following in his affidavit: "All of the opinions expressed in this affidavit are expressed to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty and are based upon my own personal knowledge and/or materials and/or information ordinarily and customarily relied upon by experts in my field."
In Peters v. Calhoun County Comm'n, 669 So.2d 847, 850-51 (Ala. 1995), our supreme court stated:
"The act of leaving the traveled portion of an unstriped road, in or approaching a curve, and at night is not so egregious a departure from ordinary standards of care as to be unforeseeable as a matter of law. This is true even if the driver can offer no reason for leaving the road. . . .
". . . .
". . . Thus, this evidence is sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact (see Rule 56(c), Ala. R. Civ.P.), because it is of such weight and quality that the trier of fact could reasonably infer that the Commission could have anticipated that a motorist might accidently allow a vehicle's wheels to drop off the surface of Coldwater Road."
(Citations omitted.)
And in Mixon v. Houston County, 589 So.2d 1317, 1319 (Ala. 1992), our supreme court stated:
"After carefully reviewing the record, especially the deposition testimony of the two engineers employed by the County, we conclude that fact questions exist as to whether the curve in County Road 13 was defective in design or layout at the time of the accident (i.e., whether the curve in the road, due to the severity of its angle was unsafe for travel) and if the road was defective in that regard, whether the County had been placed on notice of the dangerous condition."
It is undisputed that the right wheels of Funera's tractor truck left the traveled portion of the road in order to avoid an oncoming vehicle. The County's traffic engineer stated that he "found no effect in the roadway or road shoulder at the location of [Mr. Funera's] wreck." On the other hand, the Furnera's expert stated that the roadway and road shoulder were defective and in violation of accepted standards and that it was his opinion that Mr. Funera's Truck would not have overturned if the roadway and road shoulder had been within specifications of these accepted standards.
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that there existed a genuine issue of a material fact and, thus, that the summary judgment was inappropriate. Consequently, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for the proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
All the judges concur.
Application for Rehearing
On rehearing the County takes us to the woodshed for our failure in our original opinion to discuss the question of notice. The County contends that there was no evidence that it had had any prior notice or knowledge of a defect in the roadway or road shoulder at the location of Funera's accident.
As our supreme court stated in Tuscaloosa County v. Barnett, 562 So.2d 166, 168 (Ala. 1990), "The standard of care required of a County in such a case as this is to remedy defects upon receiving notice of them; notice may be constructive and need not be actual." (Emphasis added.)
In Craig v. City of Mobile, 658 So.2d 438, 441-42 (Ala. 1995), our supreme court stated:
"Thus, we conclude that the city had a duty to act with reasonable care in the construction and maintenance of the Montlimar Canal."
"Moreover, under § 11-47-190, [Ala. Code 1975,] a municipality may be liable for an injury suffered by a person where the injury-causing defect `had existed for such unreasonable length of time as to raise a presumption of knowledge of such defect.' Viewing the evidence most favorable to Craig, we conclude that the defect created by concrete rip-rap with exposed rebar had existed in Montlimar Canal for at least 4 years possibly for as long as 33 years before Dean was injured; this fact raises a presumption of notice to the City. Accordingly, if the city breached its duty to use reasonable care in the construction and maintenance of Montlimar Canal, it may be liable for injuries proximately caused by that breach.
". . . .
". . . Viewing the totality of this evidence in a light, most favorable to Craig, the nonmovant, we hold that; she presented in support of her claim substantial evidence creating genuine issues of material fact. Thus, the City's summary judgment must be reversed."
(Citations omitted) (emphasis added).
As we noted in our original opinion, both sides submitted evidence with respect to the condition of the roadway and the road shoulder where the accident occurred.
The County introduced the affidavit of its traffic engineer, who stated that he "found no defect in the roadway or road shoulder at the location of [Funera's] wreck" and the affidavit of its superintendent of the Bessemer Division of the Transportation Department, who stated that he "was unable to find any complaints for Nancy Ann Bend Road for the 24 month period prior to February 28, 1995, the date of Mr. Funera's accident" and that he "would have been made aware of such complaints."
As noted in our original opinion, the Funeras summitted the affidavit of their expert, who stated that the "large amount of superelevation [of the curve] created an ultrahazordous risk that large, slow-moving vehicles might turn over," that the "excessive slope [of highway shoulder] created an ultrahazardous condition," and that "[t]he risk of the sloping roadway was made more dangerous by the steep slope of the shoulder."
Although there had not been any prior complaints about the roadway or the road shoulder, there was substantial evidence indicating that the County had created the hazardous condition in the roadway and the road shoulder and that this deflect had existed for at least two years before the accident. Consequently, there is a question of fact as to whether the County had knowledge of this defect.
Accordingly, because of the conflicting evidence presented, the summary judgment was improper.
APPLICATION OVERRULED; RULE 39(k) MOTION DENIED.
All the judges concur.