Summary
holding that failure to file report required by anti-profiling statute was not violation of law that would prevent admission of evidence obtained at traffic stop
Summary of this case from Moore v. StateOpinion
No. 09-08-00353-CR
Submitted on January 5, 2010.
Opinion Delivered March 3, 2010. DO NOT PUBLISH.
On Appeal from the 284th District Court, Montgomery County, Texas, Trial Cause No. 08-02-01804 CR.
Before McKEITHEN, C.J., GAULTNEY and KREGER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Mark Wayne Fredrick, Sr. of possession of a controlled substance, cocaine. See Tex. Health Safety Code Ann. § 481.115 (Vernon Supp. 2009). Fredrick withdrew his election to have the jury assess punishment and, pursuant to a plea bargain, pled true to two enhancement paragraphs; he was sentenced to four years in prison. Fredrick appeals from the ruling denying his motion to suppress. In four issues, Fredrick argues the trial court erred and abused its discretion in denying his motion to suppress and in finding that the search of his vehicle was the result of a lawful search and seizure. We review a trial court's suppression ruling under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). An appellate court will sustain the trial court's ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. Id. Under circumstances like those presented here, we may consider the relevant trial testimony. See Rachal v. State, 917 S.W.2d 799, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) ("Where the State raises the issue at trial either without objection or with subsequent participation in the inquiry by the defense, the defendant has made an election to re-open the evidence, and consideration of the relevant trial testimony is appropriate in our review."). Sergeant Thomas Libby testified that he was on duty in an unmarked patrol car in Montgomery County when he noticed a vehicle with an expired registration and an expired inspection sticker. The unmarked car Libby was driving that day was not equipped with a video camera. Appellant, the driver of the vehicle with the expired stickers, stopped in front of a known crack house. A woman got into the car. Libby followed the vehicle to another known crack house, and saw the woman get out of the car and enter the residence. Fredrick stayed in the car. The woman returned, and Libby then followed the vehicle back to the first house. The woman again got out of the vehicle. As Fredrick left the residence, Libby turned on his emergency lights and siren. He saw Fredrick reach "towards the center console, center floorboard area of the pickup truck" as if he "were either picking something up or placing something on the floor board." Fredrick stopped the car. Libby asked Fredrick to get out of the vehicle and began asking Frederick questions. Fredrick denied knowing the woman. He consented to a search of the vehicle. Libby found a small white rock substance, later identified as cocaine, inside a small hole around the center floorboard area near the gearshift. Libby arrested Fredrick for possession of a controlled substance and issued a citation for the traffic violations. Libby testified at the suppression hearing and at trial that he followed Fredrick for about ten to fifteen minutes, and for approximately two miles, prior to the traffic stop. He also acknowledged that during that time, there were two intervening places where Fredrick stopped when Libby could have made the traffic stop. At the suppression hearing and on appeal, Fredrick maintains the traffic stop was illegal under Dixon, 206 S.W.3d at 592, because of the unreasonable amount of time and extended distance between the traffic offense and the traffic stop. He further contends that because the officer testified that he did not file a racial profiling report in accordance with article 2.133 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, the trial court must suppress the evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.133 (Vernon Supp. 2009). He argues the stop constituted an illegal stop pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art 38.23 (Vernon 2005). He claims that the illegality of the traffic stop tainted his consent to the search. For Fourth Amendment purposes, a traffic stop is a seizure and must be reasonable to be lawful. Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 255, 127 S.Ct. 2400, 168 L.Ed.2d 132 (2007); Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 243, 245 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). An officer may lawfully stop and detain a person for a traffic violation committed in an officer's presence. See Armitage v. State, 637 S.W.2d 936, 939 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). A search of a vehicle with consent following a legitimate traffic stop is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. See Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Fredrick argues that "[w]hat made the over two miles and 10-15 minute delay between the observation of the traffic offense and the eventual traffic stop even more unreasonable is that Appellant made two intermediate stops in his route prior to be[ing] pulled over by Sergeant Libby . . . [and therefore] the traffic stop could have been made in a more reasonable time and distance than what had occurred." In Dixon, the Court of Criminal Appeals stated that in order to render a traffic stop lawful, it must be made within a reasonable distance and time after the alleged violation. See Dixon, 206 S.W.3d at 592 (op. on motion for reh'g). Fredrick was operating a motor vehicle that had an expired registration and an expired inspection sticker, traffic violations that continued as Libby followed Fredrick and observed Fredrick stop at two known crack houses and then drive away. Libby delayed initiating the traffic stop for ten or fifteen minutes. The length of the delay was not unreasonable under the circumstances presented to the officer. The trial court could reasonably conclude that the traffic stop occurred within a reasonable distance and time after the continuing traffic violation was first observed. See id. Fredrick does not assert that Libby initiated the stop because of racial profiling; instead, he claims that Libby did not file the report as required by article 2.133 and therefore the evidence should be excluded under article 38.23. Texas law prohibits racial profiling by peace officers and requires reports by peace officers for traffic stops. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.131 (Vernon 2005); arts. 2.132-2.135 (Vernon Supp. 2009). Article 2.135 provides an exemption from the reporting requirements of articles 2.133 and 2.134 for law-enforcement agencies with video and audio equipment in their patrol cars. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.135 (Vernon Supp. 2009). Article 38.23 requires the exclusion of evidence "obtained . . . in violation of any provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of America[.]" Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23. The exclusionary rule's primary purpose is to deter police activity that could not have been reasonably believed to be lawful by the police officers committing the conduct. See State v. Purdy, 244 S.W.3d 591, 595 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2008, pet. ref'd) (citing Drago v. State, 553 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)). Not every statutory violation invokes the exclusionary rule. Roy v. State, 608 S.W.2d 645, 650-51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); see also Atkinson v. State, 923 S.W.2d 21, 23 n. 1 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (Noncompliance with administrative rules does not provide a basis for the exclusion of evidence under article 38.23.). Evidence should be excluded if the record shows a causal connection between the illegality and the complained-of evidence. Roquemore v. State, 60 S.W.3d 862, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The burden is on the defendant, as the moving party in a motion to suppress evidence obtained in violation of the law under article 38.23, to produce evidence demonstrating the causal connection between the violation and the procurement of evidence. Pham v. State, 175 S.W.3d 767, 773-74 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Purdy, 244 S.W.3d at 595. Libby testified that although he "do[es]n't file [article 2.133] reports[,]" his department complies with the policies in place regarding racial profiling statutes. He also stated that he did not engage in any kind of racial profiling on the date of the traffic stop and there had been no allegation that the stop was in violation of the racial profiling statutes. There is nothing in the record showing a causal connection between Libby's failure to file a report and the evidence obtained following the stop. See Purdy, 244 S.W.3d at 595 (citing Bachick v. State, 30 S.W.3d 549, 553 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2000, pet. ref'd)). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to suppress the evidence under article 38.23. Because we find the traffic stop was reasonable, Fredrick's argument that his consent to the search was tainted also fails. See Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 67 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Appellant's issues are overruled. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to suppress. The judgment is affirmed. AFFIRMED.
In this opinion we cite to the current version of the statutes as the amendments to the statutes do not apply to this appeal and the subsections pertinent to this case have not materially changed since the date of Fredrick's offense.