Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:10-CV-2620-RWS
06-13-2011
SUSAN FLOYD, Plaintiff, v. SUNTRUST BANKS, INC., et al., Defendants.
ORDER
This case comes before the Court on Plaintiff's Motion to Strike Answer to Complaint [8], Plaintiff's Motion to Strike Answer to Amended Complaint [24], Defendant Christina Alexander's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction [29], Defendants Christina Alexander and Aetna Life Insurance Company's ("Aetna")(collectively, "Aetna Defendants") Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint [30], and Defendants Theresa L. Harwood Hammond, SunTrust Banks, Inc., and SunTrust Bank's (collectively, "SunTrust Defendants") Motion for Extension of Time to File Reply Brief in Support of Motion to Quash Subpoenas [54]. After a review of the Record, the Court enters the following Order. I. Brief Factual Background
These facts are drawn from the Complaint. The Court makes no findings of fact in this Order.
Susan Floyd, Plaintiff, was once employed by SunTrust as an in-house attorney. Id. at ¶ 21. In May 2009, during her SunTrust employment, Plaintiff filed a gender discrimination lawsuit against SunTrust. Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶ 10. During that litigation, SunTrust propounded discovery seeking medical and psychotherapy records from the Plaintiff directly, and Plaintiff objected. Id. at ¶ 22.
Following Plaintiff's objection and without informing the Plaintiff, Defendant Hammond-who was also employed as an in-house attorney for SunTrust-requested Plaintiff's FMLA file from SunTrust's FMLA administrator and agent-Aetna. Id. at ¶¶ 23-25, 31-34. Aetna and SunTrust had a contract which stated that information received under the plan would only be used for administering the FMLA plan and would not be used in any employment related actions or decisions without the relevant employee's authorization. Id. at ¶¶ 27-28. However, Aetna produced these documents having being informed that these documents were requested for " use . . . in a lawsuit filed by Plaintiff." Id. at ¶ 40. But, when asked later about why they disclosed the information, Aetna's in-house counsel responded that they were not aware a lawsuit was pending and that Defendant Alexander-Aetna's file handler- had assumed that the SunTrust Defendants had a legitimate purpose in requesting the records. Id. at ¶¶ 77-78. It is this disclosure that underlies Plaintiff's claims against the Aetna Defendants.
The Aetna Defendants now move to dismiss all claims against them and Defendant Alexander individually moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. As well, the SunTrust Defendants seek leave of Court to file a reply brief to their Motion to Quash following this Court's ruling on the motions to dismiss. The Court will consider the motions in turn.
II. Discussion
A. Motion to Strike the SunTrust Defendants' Answer
As a preliminary matter, the Court finds that Plaintiff's Motion to Strike the SunTrust Defendants' Answer [8] is MOOT. The Plaintiff has sought, and received, leave of this Court to amend her complaint. See Dkt. Nos. [12, 14, 15]. Thus, the SunTrust Defendants' original answer is no longer controlling.
B. Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Amended Complaint for Failing to State a Claim
The Aetna Defendants have moved this Court to dismiss all claims against them for failing to state a claim. When considering a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a federal court is to accept as true "all facts set forth in the plaintiff's complaint." Grossman v. Nationsbank, N.A., 225 F.3d 1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). Further, the court must draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Bryant v. Avado Brands, Inc., 187 F.3d 1271, 1273 n.1 (11th Cir. 1999); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56 (2007) (internal citations omitted). However, "[a] pleading that offers 'labels and conclusions' or 'a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). "Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders 'naked assertion[s]' devoid of 'further factual enhancement.'" Id.
The United States Supreme Court has dispensed with the rule that a complaint may only be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) when "'it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.'" Twombly, 127 U.S. at 561 (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). The Supreme Court has replaced that rule with the "plausibility standard," which requires that factual allegations "raise the right to relief above the speculative level." Id. at 556. The plausibility standard "does not[, however,] impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage; it simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence [supporting the claim]." Id.
1. Tortious Interference with Confidential Relationships
The Aetna Defendants first move to dismiss Plaintiff's tortious interference with confidential relationships claim. Plaintiff alleges that in disclosing the Plaintiff's confidential information to the SunTrust Defendants, the Aetna Defendants tortiously interfered with "Plaintiff's confidential relationships with her medical and psychotherapy providers." Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶ 104.
First, the Aetna Defendants challenge whether Georgia even recognizes this cause of action when a third-party does not induce the fiduciary himself to breach his duty, but rather it is the third-party who distributes the fiduciary's lawfully disseminated confidential information. This Court agrees that such a cause of action has not been recognized in Georgia law.
In Rome Industries, Inc. v. Jonsson, 415 S.E.2d 651, 652 (Ga. Ct. App. 1992), the Georgia Court of Appeals found that a third-party could be liable for tortious interference with confidential relationships if the third-party induced a corporation's officer (its fiduciary) to violate his own duty to the corporation. The Court of Appeals noted that this "right of action is based on the statute imposing liability in tort to one who procures another to commit a tortious act. . ." Id. (citing O.C.G.A. § 51-12-30) (emphasis added). Moreover, the case equated this cause of action as one "for tortious interference of contractual rights." Id.
However, in Karpowicz v. Hyles, 543 S.E.2d 51, 52 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000), the Court of Appeals did not sustain a claim where defense counsel obtained the plaintiff's psychiatric records from the plaintiff's psychologist by a legal subpoena duces tecum. After receiving the privileged information, the attorney then openly divulged it in open court during cross-examination. The Court of Appeals ruled that the case was "devoid of any evidence that [the defense attorney] attempted to induce anyone to breach a confidential relationship or fiduciary duty." Id. (emphasis added).
Like Karpowicz, this case lacks any inducement evidence. Plaintiff summarily alleges that the Aetna Defendants interfered with Plaintiff's psychiatric-patient relationship, but fails to state how the Aetna Defendants did so. There are no allegations that the Aetna Defendants lied to the psychologist to obtain the records, or that they otherwise improperly convinced the psychologist to release the records. See Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶¶ 34-40, 83, 103-05 (alleging that the SunTrust Defendants improperly obtained the information, but not that the Aetna Defendants induced the psychologists to initially produce the records to them). Rather, the more likely scenario is that the Plaintiff released her records to Aetna for the purpose of processing her FMLA claim.
Additionally, the Court notes that this is not a case in which the alleged violator of the alleged duty holds the duty. Unlike Rome, where the officer himself was induced to violate his duty to the corporation, the Aetna Defendants were already in the lawful possession of the confidential information and only chose to disclose that information following their proper receipt of it. Moreover, the disclosure is like that of Karpowicz-the Defendant here disclosed the confidential information after it was legally obtained. This is not a classic third-party interference claim and is not recognized in Georgia law. Therefore, Plaintiff's tortious interference with confidential relationships claim is DISMISSED against the Aetna Defendants.
The Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff's citation of Kennestone Hospital, Inc. v. Hopson, 538 S.E.2d 742 (Ga. 2000), Insight Technology, Inc. v. FreightCheck, LLC, 633 S.E.2d 373 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006), or Hicks v. Tallbott Recovery System, Inc., 196 F.3d 1226 (11th Cir. 1999) (applying Georgia law). First, in Kennestone, the Georgia Supreme Court did not even address the merits of the tortious interference with confidential relationship claim. 538 S.E.2d at 744-45. Rather, the court only discussed whether the plaintiff could impliedly waive the psychologist-patient privilege in Georgia. Id. In Insight, the Georgia Court of Appeals again noted that the key to a tortious interference claim is inducing the privilege holder to improperly act. 633 S.E.2d at 379 ("Georgia law authorizes a plaintiff to recover [for tortious interference with a fiduciary relationship] upon proof of the following elements: (1) through improper action or wrongful conduct and without privilege, the defendant acted to procure a breach of the primary wrongdoer's fiduciary duty to the plaintiff; (2) with knowledge that the primary wrongdoer owed the plaintiff a fiduciary duty, the defendant acted purposely and with malice and the intent to injure;(3) the defendant's wrongful conduct procured a breach of the primary wrongdoer's fiduciary duty; and (4) the defendant's tortious conduct proximately caused damage to the plaintiff.") (emphasis added). Last, Hicks didn't involve a third-party claim; rather, the defendants directly owed the plaintiff a duty and violated it. 196 F.3d at 1241 ("The jury concluded that [the defendants] had breached a fiduciary duty that they owed to [the plaintiff] . . .").
2. Negligence-Based Claims
The Aetna Defendants next move to dismiss the Plaintiff's negligence-based claims: negligence, gross negligence, negligence per se, and Aetna's negligent supervision of Alexander. All of these claims are based upon the allegation that the SunTrust Defendants were not entitled to the Plaintiff's records; thus, any disclosure by the Aetna Defendants was improper. Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that the Aetna Defendants violated
[the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), 45 C.F.R. § 164 et seq.,] and the plan sponsor disclosure rules contained in 45 C.F.R. [§] 164.504(f), as well as the contractual undertakings between AETNA and SunTrust pursuant to those rules. [Further] . . . AETNA was serving as SunTrust's agent and . . . SunTrust was Plaintiff's employer. This agency relationship obligated both SunTrust and Aetna to comply with the privacy provisions of the ADA.Pl.'s Opp. Br., Dkt. No. [37] at 32.
a. HIPAA and Related Obligations
First, this Court does not find that the Aetna Defendants-as administrators of an FMLA or STD plan-were subject to HIPAA or any related disclosure rules as they are not "covered entities" under that framework. See Harris v. Vescom Corp., 2007 WL 1810159, *2 (S.D. Ga. 2007) ("The privacy rule of [HIPAA] . . . does not directly regulate employers or other plan sponsors that are not HIPAA covered entities."). In order to be subject to HIPAA, the entity must be: "(1) a health plan[;] (2) A health care clearinghouse[; or ] (3) A health care provider who transmits any health information in electronic form in connection with a transaction covered by this subchapter." 45 C.F.R. § 160.103. Plaintiff has not alleged that the Aetna Defendants as FMLA and STD plan administrators meet any of these requirements.
Additionally, the Aetna Defendants are not directly subject to 45 C.F.R. § 164.504(f) because they are not a group health plan for that regulation's purposes. See 45 C.F.R. § 164.504(f)(1) (stating that the provision only applies to a "group health plan"). 45 C.F.R. § 160.103 defines "group health plan" as a "health plan" which has fifty or more participants and is administered outside the employer. A "health plan" includes: (i) a group health plan (as defined as an employee welfare benefit plan under the Employee Retirement Income and Security Act ("ERISA") to the extent the plan provides medical services); (ii) a health insurance issuer as defined by ERISA (iii) health maintenance organization ("HMO"); (iv) Medicare; (v) Medicaid; (vi) an issuer of a Medicare supplemental policy; (vii) an issuer of a long-term care policy; (viii) various federal healthcare programs; and (ix) various State law healthcare plans. 45 C.F.R. § 160.103. Plaintiff has not alleged that the Aetna Defendants meet any of those definitions. Rather, Plaintiff alleges that the Aetna Defendants were solely agents who administered the SunTrust FMLA and STD plans-not health insurance plans. Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶¶ 25, 81. Thus, Aetna is not a covered entity here.
To overcome this issue, the Plaintiff argues that because the Aetna Defendants were the "business associates" of the SunTrust Defendants, they owed the Plaintiff a HIPAA-related duty. Pl.'s Opp., Dkt. No. [37] at 34. However, the Aetna Defendants can only be liable if the SunTrust Defendants would be subject to these privacy protections-and they are not. See 45 C.F.R. § 160.103 (defining a business associate as one who acts on behalf of a covered entity). The Plaintiff has not alleged that the SunTrust Defendants are any of the three types of "covered entities" mentioned above. Thus, Aetna did not owe any HIPAA or related privacy duties as the SunTrust Defendants' agent. This also means that there was not a HIPAA violation which would have violated the SunTrust and Aetna contract, even assuming the Plaintiff had alleged she was a third-party beneficiary and thus has standing under the contract. See Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶ 27 (stating that Aetna and SunTrust agreed to comply with all "applicable federal and state laws regarding access, use, or disclosure . . .[including] HIPAA").
b. ADA
In her brief, the Plaintiff also claims that the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), and specifically 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d), imposes a duty which the Aetna Defendants breached. Pl.'s Opp., Dkt. No. [37] at 34. However, the Plaintiff has not brought an ADA action against the Aetna Defendants. See Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at 27 (bringing an ADA claim only against the SunTrust Defendants). Plaintiff instead states that Aetna Defendants are on notice of their third-party ADA claim by virtue of the Plaintiff's citation to Kennestone Hospital v. Hopson, 538 S.E.2d 742 (Ga. 2000) within the factual section of the Amended Complaint. Pl.'s Opp., Dkt. No. [37] at 32. However, Hopson has nothing to do with the ADA; it is about an implied waiver of the Georgia psychiatrist-patient privilege.
Plaintiff also states in her Opposition Brief that "there may be no cause of action against AETNA specifically under the ADA. . ." Pl.'s Opp., Dkt. No. [37] at 34.
As well, where the Plaintiff specifically refers to § 12112(d) in her Complaint, she only states that the confidential information was obtained pursuant to that section-without stating how the Aetna Defendants' actions were improper and without raising it as a claim against them. See Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶¶ 81-84. She then summarily states that the Aetna Defendants violated "applicable state and federal law," without directing the Defendants or this Court to what those provisions would be. This lack of notice coupled with the Plaintiff's failure to plausibly allege any facts which would support such a claim causes the Court to find that the ADA has not been plead as the basis for a breached duty by the Aetna Defendants.
c. Agency Relationship
Beyond Plaintiff's statutory bases to substantiate negligence, the Court also struggles with the Plaintiff's argument that on one hand the Aetna Defendants were the SunTrust Defendants' agents-and thus anything in Aetna's possession would also be for the benefit of SunTrust-and on the other hand, the Aetna Defendants should have held any confidential information obtained by Aetna by virtue of their agency relationship from SunTrust. If SunTrust had not employed Aetna as its FMLA and STD plan administrator, then SunTrust would have already had this information in its direct possession. In fact, any information which Aetna possessed is imputed to SunTrust under agency principles. Witcher v. JSD Props., LLC, 690 S.E.2d 855, 857 (Ga. 2010) ("Notice to the agent of any matter connected with his agency shall be notice to the principal.") (quoting O.C.G.A. § 10-6-58). Therefore, placing the information in an agency relationship does not change the fact that SunTrust was the ultimate possessor of the information-even when it was physically housed with Aetna. To argue that the Aetna Defendants were the SunTrust Defendants' agents contradicts any assertion that information sharing between the two would somehow be nefarious. Therefore, for the aforementioned reasons, Plaintiff's claims for negligence, gross negligence, and negligence per se are DISMISSED.
d. Negligent Supervision
Plaintiff also claims that Aetna negligently supervised Alexander by failing to "train, supervise, or otherwise prevent" Defendant Alexander from disclosing the confidential information to the SunTrust Defendants. Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶ 116. However, in Georgia, "[a]n employer may be held liable for negligent supervision only where there is sufficient evidence to establish that the employer reasonably knew or should have known of an employee's tendencies to engage in certain behavior relevant to the injuries allegedly incurred by the plaintiff." Leo v. Waffle House, Inc., 681 S.E.2d 258, 262 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009) (alterations omitted). First, the Court notes that the Plaintiff has not plausibly plead any facts that Aetna knew or should have known that Alexander specifically would make any improper disseminations to SunTrust. However, even if she had, this Court has found that the exchange of information as plead did not cause actionable injury to the Plaintiff. Thus, there is nothing else Aetna should have done in the way of training which would have prevented any injury. The negligent supervision claim is also DISMISSED.
3. § 1985 Conspiracy Claim
The Aetna Defendants have also moved to dismiss the Plaintiff's 42 U.S.C. § 1985 conspiracy claim. "Section 1985 provides a vehicle to redress conspiracies [which] interfere with civil rights." Farase v. Scherer, 342 F.3d 1223, 1230 (11th Cir. 2003). Section 1985(2) contains two parts. The deterrence prong creates a private cause of action against any two or more persons who (1) conspire; (2) to deter a witness by force, intimidation, or threat from attending or testifying before a federal court; (3) which results in injury to the plaintiff. Morast v. Lance, 807 F.2d 926, 929-30 (11th Cir. 1987). And, the retaliation prong is established when Plaintiff alleges "(1) a conspiracy, (2) retaliation spawned by the attendance or testimony in federal court, (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy, and (4) injury to the plaintiff."Aque v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 629 F. Supp. 2d 1336, 1343 (N.D. Ga. 2009). "A conspiracy is an "agreement between parties to inflict a wrong against or injury upon another...." Id. at 1346. In determining whether a meeting of the minds has occurred, the Supreme Court has stated that
"[a] conspiracy may exist even if a conspirator does not agree to commit or facilitate each and every part of the substantive offense. The partners in the criminal plan must agree to pursue the same criminal objective and may divide up the work, yet each is responsible for the acts of the other."Salinas v. U.S., 522 U.S. 52, 63-64 (1997).
Here, Plaintiff has not sufficiently plead a meeting of the minds. The only allegation regarding a criminal objective is that the SunTrust Defendants "informed Defendants Alexander and AETNA that [their] purpose in seeking Plaintiff's FMLA file was to use such records in a lawsuit filed by Plaintiff." Am. Cmpl., Dkt. No. [15] at ¶ 40. There is no allegation that the Aetna Defendants knew that the SunTrust Defendants could not use the records in the lawsuit, or even what type of lawsuit the underlying claim regarded. Moreover, the Aetna Defendants were not told that this evidence would be used either to retaliate against the Plaintiff or to deter her from pursuing the underlying suit. Therefore, the Plaintiff has not plausibly pled that the Aetna Defendants knew the intended objective was inappropriate. Plaintiff's § 1985 claim against the Aetna Defendants is DISMISSED.
4. § 1986 Failure to Prevent a Conspiracy Claim
The Aetna Defendants also move to dismiss Plaintiff's 42 U.S.C. § 1986 claim. Section 1986 makes actionable any conduct by a person who "has knowledge that any of the wrongs conspired to be done, and mentioned in [§1985] are about to be committed, and having the power to prevent or aid in preventing the commission of the same, neglects or refuses to do so." Park v. City of Atlanta, 120 F.3d 1157, 1159 (11th Cir. 1997) (quoting 42 U.S.C. §1986). However, this claim cannot exist without an underlying § 1985 violation. Id. at 1159-1160 (holding that § 1986 claims are derivative of § 1985 claims). Because the Court has already dismissed Plaintiff's § 1985 claim against the Aetna Defendants, this claim is also DISMISSED. As a result, the Aetna Defendant's Motion to Dismiss [30] is GRANTED.
C. Defendant Alexander's Motion to Dismiss for Lack Personal Jurisdiction
Defendant Alexander has also challenged whether this Court has personal jurisdiction over her. Because all claims against her have been dismissed, Defendant Alexander's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction [29] is MOOT.
D. Plaintiff's Partial Motion to Strike Defendants' Answer and Affirmative Defenses
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f), the Court may strike an "insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter" from the pleadings on its own motion or "on a motion made by a party either before responding to the pleading, or if a response is not allowed, within 21 days after being served with the pleadings." FED. R. CIV. PRO. 12(f). Motions to strike are typically denied "unless the matter sought to be admitted has no possible relationship to the controversy, may confuse the issue, or otherwise prejudice a party." Allen v. Life Ins. Co. of No. Am., 267 F.R.D. 407, 410 (N.D. Ga. 2009). First, the Court notes that the SunTrust Defendants have agreed to admit paragraphs 40, 44, 54, and 64. Therefore, those paragraphs are DEEMED ADMITTED. As to the remaining paragraphs, the Court has reviewed Plaintiff's motion and finds no merit. None of these responses or the affirmative defenses are prejudicial, irrelevant, or confusing.
It appears the SunTrust Defendants mistakenly refer to paragraph 44 as paragraph 41 because paragraph 44 was not challenged by the Plaintiff. Even assuming that the Defendants have not agreed to admit paragraph 44, the Court has reviewed the substance of their response and finds that it is an admission.
Furthermore, as for the affirmative defenses, Defendants are not required to meet the heightened standard of Iqbal and Twombly. The Eleventh Circuit has not spoken on this issue, and district courts in this Circuit have reached conflicting results. Compare Jackson v. City of Centreville, 269 F.R.D. 661 (N.D. Ala. 2010)(holding that affirmative defenses need not meet Iqbal standard), and Castillo v. Roche Laboratories Inc., Case No. 10-20876-CIV, 2010 WL 3027726 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 2, 2010)(holding that affirmative defenses must meet Iqbal standard). A defendant is required by Rule 8(b) to "state in short and plain terms its defenses to each claim asserted against it." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1)(B). But, a plaintiff is required to provide "a short and plain statement showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) (emphasis added). In adopting the plausibility standard, the Supreme Court "relied heavily on the rule language purporting to require a 'showing' of entitlement to relief." 2 Moore's Federal Practice §8.08 (Matthew Bender 3d ed.). "The quite different rule language covering pleading of affirmative defenses should eliminate any plausibility requirement." Id.
Also, when one considers that a defendant must answer the complaint within 21 days, imposing a different standard for defenses is not unfair. "Unlike plaintiffs, defendants do not have the luxury of prefiling investigation. . . . [R]equiring factual pleading of affirmative defenses is likely to accomplish little more than encouraging a flurry of motions to strike affirmative defenses." Id.
Therefore, as to the remaining paragraphs and the affirmative defenses, the Motion to Strike [19] is DENIED.
E. SunTrust Defendants' Motion for Extension of Time to File Reply to Their Motion to Quash
The SunTrust Defendants ask this Court to extend their time to reply to their motion to quash. The SunTrust Defendants filed their Motion to Quash on February 24, 2011. Dkt. No. [44]. However, on March 9, 2011, this Court stayed all discovery pending its resolution of the Aetna Defendants Motion to Dismiss. Dkt. No. [50]. Notwithstanding the stay, Plaintiff then filed her opposition brief to the motion to quash on March 14, 2011. Dkt. No. [52].
As the Clerk has submitted the Motion to Quash to the Court, the SunTrust Defendants move for an extension of time to file a reply brief. That motion is GRANTED. The SunTrust Defendants have 14 days from the date of this Order to file their reply brief.
III. Conclusion
Plaintiff's Motion to Strike Answer to Amended Complaint [24] is GRANTED, in part and DENIED, in part and the Aetna Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint [30] is GRANTED. As well, the SunTrust Defendants' Motion for Extension of Time to File Reply Brief in Support of Motion to Quash Subpoenas [54] is GRANTED. The SunTrust Defendants have 14 days from the date of this Order to file their reply brief.
Based upon the Plaintiff's Amended Complaint filing and the foregoing rulings, Plaintiff's Motion to Strike Answer to Complaint [8] and Defendant Christina Alexander's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction [29] are MOOT.
SO ORDERED this 13th day of June, 2011.
/s/_________
RICHARD W. STORY
United States District Judge