Summary
In Bugailiskis, the court declared an arbitration clause, which bound the insured in all circumstances but did not bind the insurance company if the award exceeded the minimum liability amount, to be void on public policy grounds.
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No. 2-95-1115
Opinion filed February 28, 1996.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County; the Hon. Patrick N. Lawler, Judge, presiding.
James J. Hermann, Jr., of James J. Hermann, Jr., Associates, P.C., of Waukegan, for appellant.
Robert M. Smith and Kurt E. Olsen, both of Aronson, Smith Cross, of Chicago, for appellee.
Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308 (155 Ill. 2d R. 308), defendant, Deborah Bugailiskis, appeals the denial of her motion to dismiss plaintiff's complaint demanding a jury trial of defendant's underinsured motorist claim. The issues on appeal are: (1) whether an underinsured motorist coverage arbitration clause which allows arbitration awards to be appealed only when they exceed the minimum liability amount set forth in the Illinois Safety Responsibility Law ( 625 ILCS 5/7-100 et seq. (West 1994)) is void as against public policy; and (2) if the clause is valid, whether it allows a jury trial as to liability and damages or only as to damages. We reverse and remand.
On March 26, 1989, defendant was injured when a vehicle operated by Rob Delaney ran over her legs. Defendant filed a complaint in the circuit court of Lake County, and Rob Delaney's insurer paid its policy limit of $25,000. At the time of the occurrence, Ronald Bugailiskis, defendant's father, had an automobile insurance policy with plaintiff, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, providing underinsured motorist coverage in the amount of $300,000. Ronald Bugailiskis was a party to the lawsuit but is not a party to this appeal. Defendant asserted a claim under that policy for the amount of the damages which exceeded the $25,000 paid by Delaney's carrier.
The claim was submitted to arbitration. On October 8, 1993, the arbitration panel found plaintiff liable and found that defendant's damages were $192,414.99. The panel also found that defendant's comparative negligence was 27 1/2%, which resulted in a net award of $139,500.85.
The arbitration provision in the policy provided in relevant part:
"A decision agreed to by two of the arbitrators will be binding as to:
a. Whether the insured is legally entitled to recover damages; and
b. The amount of damages. This applies only if the amount does not exceed the minimum limit for bodily injury liability specified by the Illinois Safety Responsibility Law. If the amount exceeds that limit, either party may demand the right to a trial. This demand must be made within 60 days of the arbitrator's decision. If this demand is not made, the amount of damages agreed to by the arbitrators will be binding."
Pursuant to the arbitration provision, plaintiff rejected the award. On December 2, 1993, plaintiff filed a complaint demanding a jury trial.
On August 8, 1995, the trial court denied defendant's motion to dismiss but found that plaintiff was entitled to a trial only as to the damages issue. On August 17, 1995, the trial court entered an order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308, finding that the issues created by defendant's motion to dismiss involve questions of law as to which there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal of the August 8, 1995, order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. On August 31, 1995, defendant filed an application for leave to appeal pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308. On September 27, 1995, we allowed defendant's application for leave to appeal.
The trial court's August 17, 1995, order certified the following questions for our review:
"1. Whether language in Plaintiff's policy providing for a new trial only if an arbitration award exceeds the financial responsibility limit of $20,000.00 per person is invalid, as it discriminates against the insured who cannot appeal a low award or no award, but gives the insurer trial de novo of a high award and is therefore violative of public policy, as a majority of states considering the question have held?
2. Whether by virtue of the policy language trial is limited to the issue of damages only?"
Illinois law encourages arbitration as a means of reducing litigation in the court system. Charles O. Finley Co. v. Kuhn, 569 F.2d 527 (7th Cir. 1978); Mayflower Insurance Co. v. Mahan, 180 Ill. App.3d 213, 217 (1988). However, an arbitration clause is not against public policy merely because it permits nonbinding arbitration. American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Baaske, 213 Ill. App.3d 683, 688 (1991); Mayflower, 180 Ill. App.3d at 217.
Our supreme court has not yet determined the validity of this type of arbitration clause. However, the language allowing the parties to demand a trial if the arbitration award is above the minimum liability amount is common in insurance policies, not just in Illinois, but in several other states. Several courts have addressed the validity of this type of arbitration clause language, and a majority of those courts have held that the clause itself is void as against public policy. See Mendes v. Automobile Insurance Co., 212 Conn. 652, 563 A.2d 695 (1989); Worldwide Insurance Group v. Klopp, 603 A.2d 788 (Del. 1992); Schmidt v. Midwest Family Mutual Insurance Co., 426 N.W.2d 870 (Minn. 1988); Hanover Insurance Co. v. Losquadro, 157 Misc.2d 1014, 600 N.Y.S.2d 419 (1993); O'Neill v. Berkshire Mutual Insurance Co., 786 F. Supp. 397 (D. Vt. 1992).
In Connecticut, Delaware, Minnesota, New York, and Vermont, the courts have held void as against public policy the type of arbitration clause contained in the policy in the present case. The courts have held that, although the clause is ostensibly neutral because it allows either party to demand a trial if the award exceeds the minimum liability amount, application of the "escape hatch" language of the clause unfairly and unequivocally favors the insurer over the insured. O'Neill, 786 F. Supp. at 398. The courts have held that the language allows the insurer to avoid a high award while binding the insured to a low award. O'Neill, 786 F. Supp. at 398-99.
In Klopp, the court stated:
"Under the present policy language both parties are bound by a low award which an insurance company is unlikely to appeal. While high awards may be appealed by either party, common experience suggests that it is unlikely that an insured would appeal such an award." Klopp, 603 A.2d at 791.
Moreover, courts have held that, although the insurance policy may not technically qualify as a contract of adhesion, it possesses some of the earmarks of an adhesive contract. Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 874. The provision lacks mutuality of remedy and was entered into between parties possessing unequal bargaining power with little or no opportunity for arm's length negotiation. Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 874.
Courts have also concluded that the clause contravenes the public policy behind arbitration — the efficient, cost-effective resolution of disputes. In Schmidt, the court explained:
"The policy's arbitration provision, instead of providing a speedy, informal, and relatively inexpensive procedure for resolving controversies between parties — the raison d'etre of arbitration — instead substantially thwarts those policy goals. By permitting resort to the court system for a trial de novo notwithstanding the absence of any claimed impropriety in the arbitration process itself, by fostering multiple hearings in multiple forums, by increasing the costs to the contracting parties, and, by unnecessarily, and without real cause, extending the time consumed in resolving the controversy[,] it likewise operates to defeat goals designed to promote judicial economy and respect for the judicial system." Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 874.
Courts in several other states have invalidated this type of provision for this reason. See Goulart v. Crum Forster Personal Insurance Co., 222 Cal.App.3d 527, 271 Cal. Rptr. 627 (1990); Field v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 769 F. Supp. 1135 (D. Haw. 1991); Shaefer v. Allstate Insurance Co., 63 Ohio St.3d 708, 590 N.E.2d 1242 (1992); Slaiman v. Allstate Insurance Co., 617 A.2d 873 (R.I. 1992).
Only in Florida and New Jersey have the courts held that arbitration clauses with this type of "escape hatch" provision do not violate public policy. See Roe v. Amica Mutual Insurance Co., 533 So.2d 279 (Fla. 1988); Cohen v. Allstate Insurance Co., 231 N.J. Super. 97, 555 A.2d 21 (1989).
Plaintiff argues that this issue is controlled by Mayflower. We disagree. Although Mayflower upheld against a public policy challenge a provision identical to the one at issue in the present case, the court in Mayflower merely held that nonbinding arbitration is not against public policy. Mayflower, 180 Ill. App.3d at 217. In Mayflower, the insured apparently never argued and the court never addressed whether the inequity created by the application of the right to a trial only when the award is high contravenes public policy. Accordingly, we are not constrained to reach the same result.
Although the court in Mayflower held that nonbinding arbitration itself does not violate public policy, nonbinding arbitration does frustrate the public policy goal of arbitration in many cases since it adds costs and delay when an award is rejected. See Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 874. When considering that cost and delay, the unequal application of the escape clause, and the fact that the contract possesses many of the earmarks of a contract of adhesion, we are persuaded, as are the majority of the courts that have considered the issue, that the trial de novo clause violates public policy and is unenforceable.
Plaintiff argues that we should not follow the cases from other jurisdictions that have held the arbitration provision is against public policy because those cases involved an uninsured motorist claim while the present case involves an underinsured motorist claim. We note that some of the cases from other jurisdictions did in fact involve underinsured motorist claims. In addition, plaintiff has not offered and we cannot think of any reason why the provision is less violative of public policy because it is applied to an underinsured motorist claim instead of an uninsured motorist claim.
The contract allows plaintiff to demand a jury trial if the arbitration award requires plaintiff to pay any amount. This is because any award under the minimum liability amount would be covered by another policy in an underinsured motorist claim. In an uninsured motorist claim, the contract subjects plaintiff to $20,000 (the minimum liability amount) of liability without the right to demand a jury trial. Therefore, the unequal application of the "escape hatch" provision is actually less oppressive to the insured in an uninsured motorist case.
Because we have held that the trial de novo provision violates public policy, plaintiff has no right to a trial and the arbitration award is binding. See Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 875; Klopp, 603 A.2d at 791-92. Because we have found that plaintiff has no right to a trial, we need not address whether the trial de novo provision allows a trial as to liability and damages or only as to damages.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County denying defendant's motion to dismiss and remand this cause for the trial court to enter an appropriate order dismissing plaintiff's complaint.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
McLAREN, P.J., and HUTCHINSON, J., concur.