Opinion
2012-10-5
Ashley FERGUSON, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. ROCHESTER CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT, Defendant–Respondent.
Elliott, Stern & Calabrese, LLP, Rochester (David S. Stern of Counsel), for Plaintiff–Appellant. Charles G. Johnson, Rochester (Michael E. Davis of Counsel), for Defendant–Respondent.
Elliott, Stern & Calabrese, LLP, Rochester (David S. Stern of Counsel), for Plaintiff–Appellant. Charles G. Johnson, Rochester (Michael E. Davis of Counsel), for Defendant–Respondent.
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., SMITH, CENTRA, FAHEY, AND PERADOTTO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Plaintiff commenced this action seeking damages for injuries she sustained when she slipped and fell on a snow- and ice-covered walkway on school premises owned by defendant. After trial, the jury returned a verdict finding that defendant was not negligent. We agree with plaintiff that Supreme Court erred in denying her posttrial motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial inasmuch as the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence ( seeCPLR 4404[a] ). Although plaintiff appeals from the order denying her posttrial motion and not the subsequently-entered judgment, we nevertheless exercise our discretion to treat the notice of appeal as valid and deem the appeal as taken from the judgment ( seeCPLR 5520[c]; Hughes v. Nussbaumer, Clarke & Velzy, 140 A.D.2d 988, 988, 529 N.Y.S.2d 658).
With respect to the merits, we conclude that “the evidence so preponderate[d] in favor of the [plaintiff] that [the verdict] could not have been reached on any fair interpretation of the evidence” ( Lolik v. Big V Supermarkets, 86 N.Y.2d 744, 746, 631 N.Y.S.2d 122, 655 N.E.2d 163 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Higgins v. Armored Motor Serv. of Am., Inc., 13 A.D.3d 1087, 1088, 788 N.Y.S.2d 544). It is well established that “[a] landowner must act as a reasonable [person] in maintaining his [or her] property in a reasonably safe condition in view of all the circumstances, including the likelihood of injury to others, the seriousness of the injury, and the burden of avoiding the risk” ( Basso v. Miller, 40 N.Y.2d 233, 241, 386 N.Y.S.2d 564, 352 N.E.2d 868 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Witherspoon v. Columbia Univ., 7 A.D.3d 702, 702–703, 777 N.Y.S.2d 507). “Once a [landowner] has actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition, the [landowner] has a reasonable time to undertake remedial actions that are reasonable and appropriate under all of the circumstances” ( Friedman v. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, 302 A.D.2d 491, 491–492, 755 N.Y.S.2d 412;see Sartin v. Amerada Hess Corp., 256 A.D.2d 857, 857, 681 N.Y.S.2d 837).
Here, as conceded by the dissent, it is undisputed that the compacted snow and ice remaining on the walkway at the time of plaintiff's accident constituted a dangerous condition and that defendant had actual notice of the dangerous condition. Indeed, defendant's head custodian in charge of snow removal repeatedly testified that the walkway at issue, which was regularly used by students and faculty entering and exiting the school, was “very icy” on the morning of the accident. The accident occurred sometime between 7:00 a.m. and 7:30 a.m., when classes began. The head custodian and another custodial employee testified that, prior to that time, they dragged snow from the walkway using the back blade of a tractor and spread salt on the walkway using a snow blower with a salt spreader attachment. Nevertheless, the walkway was still covered in ice and snow and thus was slippery at the time of plaintiff's fall. The head custodian confirmed that, when he responded to the accident site after learning of plaintiff's fall, “ice covered the entire [walkway]” and that he found plaintiff “laying on top of ice.” Plaintiff similarly testified that the walkway was “covered with ice and snow” and that she could not see the pavement. Plaintiff described the ice as hard, thick and rough. Plaintiff's mother, who visited the school the day after the accident, described the surface of the snow- and ice-covered walkway as “white and hard”. She confirmed that it looked as though the snow had melted and had frozen again, resulting in “hard ice.” Plaintiff's mother took photographs of the area where plaintiff fell, which depict compacted snow and ice covering the majority of the walkway with spots of bare pavement showing through and snow piles lining the walkway. Significantly, the head custodian testified that the photographs did not accurately depict the conditions that existed on the date of plaintiff's accident because the photographs showed “dry spots ... where [he] believe[d] the salt had penetrated,” and those dry spots had not been there when plaintiff fell.
We conclude that the trial evidence establishes that defendant's efforts to ameliorate the dangerous condition were not reasonable and appropriate under the circumstances and thus that defendant was negligent ( see generally McGowan v. State of New York, 79 A.D.3d 984, 985–987, 913 N.Y.S.2d 750;Chase v. OHM, LLC, 75 A.D.3d 1031, 1033, 907 N.Y.S.2d 80). Notably, defendant did not contend at trial, nor does it contend on appeal, that there was a storm in progress or that it lacked sufficient time to remedy the dangerous condition of the walkway before plaintiff fell ( see generally Salvanti v. Sunset Indus. Park Assoc., 27 A.D.3d 546, 546, 813 N.Y.S.2d 110;Lyons v. Cold Brook Cr. Realty Corp., 268 A.D.2d 659, 659, 700 N.Y.S.2d 603). Rather, defendant contends, in essence, that it fulfilled its duty by plowing and salting on the morning of the accident, that it had no obligation to remove any of the remaining snow or ice and that, in any event, it was impossible to remove any of the remaining snow or ice. In support of that position, the head custodian testified that defendant had no written procedures or usual practice for removing ice because “that's just part of mother nature” and that the custodial employees “don't remove the ice, [they] just spread the salt.” He admitted that the back blade of the tractor is not effective in removing accumulated ice from the walkways and that defendant owned no other tools or machines to be used for that purpose. Thus, where there is a thaw followed by freezing temperatures resulting in hardened snow, defendant's employees simply drag snow from the walkways using the tractor's back blade and then “spread as much salt as possible to get better traction on the surface of the sidewalks leading to and from the school.” With respect to the date of the accident, the head custodian testified that it was “very, very cold that morning” and that “ even if [defendant] did throw as much salt as possible [on the walkway], it just didn't penetrate the ice[,] ... [i]t was only ... good for traction” (emphasis added).
Defendant's contentions that it was “impossible” to remedy the dangerous condition of the walkway and that it took adequate measures to remove the snow and ice were refuted by the undisputed testimony of plaintiff's expert meteorologist and the certified weather records admitted in evidence. Both the meteorologist and the head custodian testified that salt becomes ineffective at around 10 degrees. In the two days prior to the date of the accident, however, area temperatures ranged from a low of 22 degrees to a high of 39 degrees, which the meteorologist testified were “well within the range for salting to be effective in melting snow and ice”. The temperature at 7:00 a.m. on the date of the accident was 25 degrees. Additionally, the evidence at trial establishes that defendant allowed the snow and ice to build up on the walkway over several days. Plaintiff's meteorologist testified that there was no sleet or rainfall in the area in the four days preceding the date of the accident and that the only significant snowfall occurred four days prior to the date of the accident, when 2.9 inches fell. That storm occurred on the Saturday before the accident occurred, and the head custodian admitted that defendant undertook no snow removal efforts over that weekend. Plaintiff testified that the condition of the walkway on the Monday and Tuesday prior to her fall was “pretty much the same” as on the Wednesday when the accident occurred, i.e., that the walkway was covered in hard packed snow and ice.
Although defendant and the dissent cite several Third Department cases for the proposition that the failure to remove all snow and ice from a surface does not constitute negligence ( see Cardinale v. Watervliet Hous. Auth., 302 A.D.2d 666, 666–667, 754 N.Y.S.2d 728;Gentile v. Rotterdam Sq., 226 A.D.2d 973, 974, 640 N.Y.S.2d 696), those cases involve situations where the plaintiff fell on scattered patches or a thin layer of snow or ice ( see Cardinale, 302 A.D.2d at 666–667, 754 N.Y.S.2d 728;Gentile, 226 A.D.2d at 974, 640 N.Y.S.2d 696). Here, by contrast, plaintiff fell on a snow- and ice-covered walkway under circumstances in which defendant had ample opportunity to remedy the dangerous condition, and defendant's remedial efforts were plainly insufficient to render the walkway reasonably safe ( see generally McGowan, 79 A.D.3d at 986–987, 913 N.Y.S.2d 750;Priester v. City of New York, 276 A.D.2d 766, 766–767, 715 N.Y.S.2d 419).
The dissent contends that the meteorologist's testimony is inconsistent and, at times, directly contradicts the documentary exhibits concerning a lake effect snow band in the greater Rochester area on the morning of plaintiff's accident. We disagree. The meteorologist consistently testified that the Doppler imagery depicted a band of light-to-moderate lake effect snow across the City of Rochester beginning at approximately 5:30 a.m. the morning of the accident; that the snow band lasted approximately 30 to 45 minutes and resulted in a total snow accumulation of less than one inch in the city; and that the heaviest snowfall from the snow band was focused north of route 104, while the school is south of that roadway. Inasmuch as the meteorologist was the only witness qualified to interpret the documentary exhibits relating to the weather conditions on the date of the accident, there is no basis to conclude that his testimony contradicts those exhibits.
Contrary to the further contention of the dissent, the evidence establishes that the icy condition of the walkway did not result from the weather conditions that occurred close in time to the accident. The meteorologist testified without contradiction that the “fluffy,” “dry” flurries of lake effect snow that fell in the Rochester area in the hours leading up to the accident could not have caused the compacted snow and ice depicted in plaintiff's photographs and testified to by plaintiff. Rather, the meteorologist testified that the condition of the walkway appeared to have been created by the melting and refreezing of earlier snow accumulation ( see generally Bojovic v. Lydig Bejing Kitchen, Inc., 91 A.D.3d 517, 518, 936 N.Y.S.2d 205;Sheldon v. Henderson & Johnson Co., Inc., 75 A.D.3d 1155, 1156, 906 N.Y.S.2d 413;Ferrer v. City of New York, 49 A.D.3d 396, 397, 854 N.Y.S.2d 51). Indeed, the head custodian testified that, even though defendant removed snow from and applied salt to the walkway shortly before plaintiff's accident, “large areas of ice” remained due to the accumulation of snow and ice in the days leading up to plaintiff's accident.
Moreover, we note that none of defendant's employees testified at trial that it was snowing at the school on the morning of the accident. Instead, the head custodian testified that he “believe[d]” that there was “heavy rain” on the Monday and Tuesday prior to the accident “because that's the only way that the ice would have frozen up that hard where we [were not] able to remove it, even spreading the salt,” and that there was freezing rain on the morning of the accident. Defendant's other custodial employee testified that he “thought” that it had rained the day or week prior to the accident. The meteorologist unequivocally testified, however, that it did not rain in the five days up to and including the day of the accident. According to the meteorologist, there were no official reports of rainfall and the area weather conditions were not conducive to rain. Thus, the testimony of defendant's employees regarding the rainy conditions in the days preceding and on the day of the accident are not credible as a matter of law ( see Dorazio v. Delbene, 37 A.D.3d 645, 646, 830 N.Y.S.2d 329).
In light of our determination, we do not address plaintiff's contention that reversal is required based on the court's charge to the jury concerning the applicable standard of care.
We therefore reverse the judgment, grant the posttrial motion, set aside the verdict, reinstate the complaint and grant a new trial ( see Canazzi v. CSX Transp., Inc., 61 A.D.3d 1347, 1348, 877 N.Y.S.2d 534;Pellegrino v. Youll, 37 A.D.3d 1064, 1064, 829 N.Y.S.2d 776).
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is reversed on the law without costs, the posttrial motion is granted, the verdict is set aside, the complaint is reinstated and a new trial is granted.
All concur except SCUDDER, P.J., and SMITH, J., who dissent and vote to affirm in the following Memorandum:
We respectfully disagree with the majority and conclude that Supreme Court properly denied plaintiff's motion to set aside the verdict pursuant to CPLR 4404(a). It is well established that “[a] motion to set aside a jury verdict of no cause of action should not be granted unless the preponderance of the evidence in favor of the moving party is so great that the verdict could not have been reached upon any fair interpretation of the evidence” ( Dannick v. County of Onondaga, 191 A.D.2d 963, 964, 595 N.Y.S.2d 575;see generally Lolik v. Big V Supermarkets, 86 N.Y.2d 744, 746, 631 N.Y.S.2d 122, 655 N.E.2d 163). Here, there was no such preponderance of the evidence in favor of plaintiff.
“In general, to impose liability for an injury proximately caused by a dangerous condition created by weather ..., a defendant must either have created the dangerous condition, or had actual or constructive notice of the condition, and a reasonable time to undertake remedial actions ... Once a defendant has actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition, the defendant has a reasonable time to undertake remedial actions that are reasonable and appropriate under all of the circumstances” ( Friedman v. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, 302 A.D.2d 491, 491–492, 755 N.Y.S.2d 412 [emphasis added]; see Campanella v. 1955 Corp., 300 A.D.2d 427, 427, 751 N.Y.S.2d 588). Where, as here, the dangerous condition consists of ice or snow, the “standard must be applied with an awareness of the realities of the problems caused by winter weather” ( Marcellus v. Littauer Hosp. Assn., 145 A.D.2d 680, 681, 535 N.Y.S.2d 224;see Fusco v. Stewart's Ice Cream Co., 203 A.D.2d 667, 668, 610 N.Y.S.2d 642;see generally Williams v. City of New York, 214 N.Y. 259, 263–264, 108 N.E. 448). The reason for such a rule is simple—“ ‘snow and ice conditions are unpredictable, natural hazards against which no one can insure and which in their nature cannot immediately be alleviated’ ” ( Hilsman v. Sarwil Assoc., L.P., 13 A.D.3d 692, 693, 786 N.Y.S.2d 225). Furthermore, “ ‘[t]he danger arising from the slipperiness of ice or snow ... is one which is familiar to everybody residing in our climate and which everyone is exposed to who has occasion to traverse the streets of cities and villages in the winter season’ ” ( Williams, 214 N.Y. at 264, 108 N.E. 448, quoting Harrington v. City of Buffalo, 121 N.Y. 147, 150, 24 N.E. 186). Based on the realities of winter weather, it has become well settled that “the mere failure to remove all snow and ice from a sidewalk or parking lot does not constitute negligence” ( Gentile v. Rotterdam Sq., 226 A.D.2d 973, 974, 640 N.Y.S.2d 696;see Wheeler v. Grande'Vie Senior Living Community, 31 A.D.3d 992, 992–993, 819 N.Y.S.2d 188;Cardinale v. Watervliet Hous. Auth., 302 A.D.2d 666, 667, 754 N.Y.S.2d 728;Klein v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 290 A.D.2d 420, 420, 736 N.Y.S.2d 606;see generally Spicehandler v. City of New York, 279 App.Div. 755, 756, 108 N.Y.S.2d 754,affd.303 N.Y. 946, 105 N.E.2d 632).
Here, there is no dispute that the snow and ice remaining on the walkway on which plaintiff fell constituted a dangerous condition and that defendant had actual notice of that dangerous condition. “The critical issue to be resolved is whether, under the prevailing conditions, [defendant] fulfilled its duty to take appropriate measures to keep the [walkway] safe ... [I]t is a well-settled tort principle that appropriate measures are those which under the circumstances are reasonable ... Ascertaining a standard of reasonableness must be undertaken with an awareness of the realities ... caused by ... weather” ( Pappo v. State of New York, 233 A.D.2d 379, 379–380, 650 N.Y.S.2d 577 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Goldman v. State of New York, 158 A.D.2d 845, 845, 551 N.Y.S.2d 641,appeal dismissed76 N.Y.2d 764, 559 N.Y.S.2d 976, 559 N.E.2d 670;see generally Basso v. Miller, 40 N.Y.2d 233, 241–242, 386 N.Y.S.2d 564, 352 N.E.2d 868). In determining whether defendant's actions were reasonable, the relevant inquiry is whether “it would be unreasonable to expect that the ice and hard-packed snow would have been completely eradicated” by defendant before plaintiff's accident ( Delveccio v. State of New York, 14 Misc.3d 1230[A], 2006 N.Y. Slip Op 52569[U], * 3, 2006 WL 4043681).
While plaintiff attempted to establish that there was no significant snowfall occurring on the morning of her accident, the majority ignores the fact that defendant presented proof demonstrating that the icy walkway resulted from the weather conditions that occurred close in time to the accident. Plaintiff presented testimony from a meteorologist, who relied heavily on reports from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration detailing the weather conditions at the airport, which was located six miles southwest of defendant's property. The meteorologist, however, admitted that the weather in other parts of Monroe County could be “significantly different” from the weather at the airport. Plaintiff's meteorologist had no specific records concerning the snowfall at defendant's property, and documentary exhibits established that, on the morning of plaintiff's accident, there was a band of “lake effect snow” in an area north of the airport that encompassed defendant's property. Moreover, there were several weather-related advisories issued that morning regarding the snow band and alerting travelers of “moderate to heavy snow,” “snow-covered, slippery roads,” and “hazardous” driving conditions. The majority states that “the snow band was focused north of Route 104 while the school is south of that roadway,” but that ignores testimony and documentary exhibits establishing that the heaviest area of snowfall in that snow band “dropped below [Route 104]” into the area one mile south of Route 104, which encompassed defendant's property. We thus conclude that the jury could have discounted plaintiff's evidence concerning the weather conditions inasmuch as the meteorologist's testimony was inherently inconsistent and was, at times, directly contradicted by the documentary exhibits admitted in evidence at the trial and the testimony of other witnesses establishing that there was a significant snow band encompassing the area of defendant's property on the morning of plaintiff's fall.
We further conclude that defendant presented evidence demonstrating that it fulfilled its duty to take appropriate measures to keep the walkway safe. At the time of plaintiff's accident, defendant's employees were using a “proven snow-removal plan ... implemented immediately following the inclement weather” ( Goldman, 158 A.D.2d at 846, 551 N.Y.S.2d 641;cf. McGowan v. State of New York, 79 A.D.3d 984, 986, 913 N.Y.S.2d 750). The testimony at trial established that defendant had “a total of maybe four or five” employees working on maintaining the walkways the morning of plaintiff's accident and that at least two of those employees had been working on removing the snow and salting the walkways for over an hour before plaintiff's fall. Defendant's employees used a tractor and salt spreader but, even after “several trips going back and forth,” ice remained on the walkways. Moreover, defendant's head custodian testified that it was not possible to shovel and scrape all of the walkways down to the bare surface and that, even though the area where plaintiff fell had been salted “quite a bit,” it remained slippery due to the ice. Taking into consideration the circumstances with which defendant was presented, we conclude that defendant's evidence, at the very least, raised a question of fact whether defendant's “remedial measures were adequate” ( Diaz v. West 197th St. Realty Corp., 269 A.D.2d 327, 327, 703 N.Y.S.2d 917;see Polgar v. Syracuse Univ., 255 A.D.2d 780, 780–781, 680 N.Y.S.2d 132).
Although plaintiff presented proof suggesting that defendant's efforts were inadequate, we cannot agree with the majority that the jury verdict resolving those issues of fact in favor of defendant is “palpably irrational or wrong” ( Dannick, 191 A.D.2d at 964, 595 N.Y.S.2d 575;see Stern v. Ofori–Okai, 246 A.D.2d 807, 808, 668 N.Y.S.2d 68). In our view, the majority “carr[ies] the rule of responsibility beyond all reasonable limits” ( Mead v. Nassau Community Coll., 126 Misc.2d 823, 824, 483 N.Y.S.2d 953;see generally Williams, 214 N.Y. at 263–264, 108 N.E. 448).
Inasmuch as we conclude that the court properly denied plaintiff's motion to set aside the verdict, we must address plaintiff's remaining contention that reversal is required based on the court's charge to the jury concerning the applicable standard of care. In our view, plaintiff is precluded from challenging the court's charge. In its initial charge to the jury, the court instructed the jury regarding the standard of care applicable to municipalities. After plaintiff objected to the initial charge, the court admitted its error and gave the jury a curative instruction. The court first re-read the incorrect charge to the jury and then juxtaposed it to the correct charge, which the court then read in full. The court specifically informed the jury that the erroneous charge related to municipalities and that it was not applicable to defendant. Because plaintiff's attorney thereafter expressed his satisfaction with the curative instruction and neither moved for a mistrial nor objected to the curative instruction, plaintiff is “precluded from raising the effect of the curative instruction on appeal” ( Marek v. DePoalo & Son Bldg. Masonry, 240 A.D.2d 1007, 1009, 659 N.Y.S.2d 331;see Dennis v. Capital Dist. Transp. Auth., 274 A.D.2d 802, 803, 711 N.Y.S.2d 836;see also MacNamara–Carroll, Inc. v. Delaney, 244 A.D.2d 817, 818–819, 666 N.Y.S.2d 264,lv. dismissed in part and denied in part91 N.Y.2d 1001, 676 N.Y.S.2d 125, 698 N.E.2d 954; but see Trump v. Associated Transp., Inc., 275 App.Div. 982, 982, 90 N.Y.S.2d 154 ). “While this Court is empowered to grant a new trial in the interest of justice where demonstrated errors in a jury instruction are fundamental ... here, we find no evidence of error ‘so significant that the jury was prevented from fairly considering the issues at trial’ ” ( Pyptiuk v. Kramer, 295 A.D.2d 768, 771, 744 N.Y.S.2d 519;see Antokol & Coffin v. Myers, 30 A.D.3d 843, 847, 819 N.Y.S.2d 303). The curative instruction was “given in such explicit terms as to preclude the inference that the jury might have been influenced by the [initial] error” ( Dennis, 274 A.D.2d at 803, 711 N.Y.S.2d 836).