Summary
holding a 2007 TSB and a 2006 or 2007 redesign of the defective part "permit plausible inferences that [the defendant] was aware of the defect at the time they sold the vehicles in 2005 and 2006 . . ."
Summary of this case from Miller v. Ford Motor Co.Opinion
Case No. CV 13-00686 DDP (MANx)
2013-10-10
KOBE FALCO, individually, and on behalf of a class similarly situated individuals, Plaintiff, v. NISSAN NORTH AMERICA INC., NISSAN MOTOR CO.LTD, a Japanese Company, Defendants.
ORDER DENYING IN PART AND
GRANTING IN PART DEFENDANT'S
MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO
STATE A CLAIM
[Dkt. No. 29-1]
Before the court is Defendant Nissan North America's (NNA) motion to dismiss Plaintiff Kobe Falco, Joel Seguin, Alfredo Padilla, and Roberto Galvan's First Amended Class Action Complaint under Rules 12(b)(6) and 9(b),(DKT No. 29-1, "MTD"), as well as Plaintiffs' Opposition, (DKT No. 41, "Opp."), and Defendant's Reply (DKT. No 46, "Reply"). Having reviewed the parties' submissions and heard oral argument, the court now adopts the following order.
I. Background
Named Plaintiffs Falco, Seguin, Padilla, and Galvan are purchasers, respectively, of 2005 Nissan Pathfinder, a 2007 Nissan Quest, 2006 Nissan Pathfinder, and 2005 Pathfinder vehicles. (FAC ¶¶ 55, 61, 70, 77.) Plaintiffs allege that their vehicles had a defectively designed Timing Chain Tensioning System (TCTS). They bring this putative class action on behalf of themselves and other purchasers or lessees of the vehicles noted above and other Nissan vehicle lines which they allege share the TCTS defect. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 5, 28.)
The lines of vehicles alleged to include the defect include: 2004-2008 Nissan Maxima, 2004-2009 Nissan Quest , 2004-2006 Nissan Altima(with the VQ35 engine), 2005-2007 Nissan Pathfinder, 2004-2007 Nissan Xterra, and 2005-2007 Nissan Frontier(with the VQ49 engine). These vehicles are referred to herein as the Subject Vehicles. (FAC ¶ 2.)
The TCTS is a component of an internal combustion engine. It is responsible for connecting the engine's camshaft to the crankshaft, which in turn control the opening and closing of the engine's valves. (Id. ¶ 29.) The TCTS ensures that the valves open and close in a precise, synchronized manner that is necessary for the engine to function. (Id.) According to Plaintiffs, a TCTS malfunction can cause vehicle pistons and valves to smash into one another, causing an inability to accelerate, maintain speed, and idle smoothly, and potentially catastrophic engine failure. (Id. ¶¶ 31, 33.)
Plaintiffs allege the TCTSs installed in the Subject Vehicles are prone to failure before consumers reasonably expect any failure to occur,(id. ¶ 5.), and that the defect presents a safety concern for drivers and occupants of the vehicles. (Id. ¶¶ 10, 53.) Plaintiffs allege that after their vehicles' TCTSs broke down they were confronted with significant repair costs, ranging from $510.60 in the case of Falco to $2,788.00 in the case of Seguin. (Id. ¶¶ 4, 59, 68). Plaintiffs allege that they would not have bought the vehicles had they known of the TCTS defect. (Id. ¶ 12)
Plaintiffs allege that NNA has been aware of the defect since 2004, as a result of information exclusively within its possession, including data from pre-production testing, pre-production design failure mode and analysis, production design failure mode and analysis, and early consumer complaints, as well as aggregate data from retailers. (Id. ¶ 37.) Plaintiffs allege that despite this knowledge, NNA continued to install the defective component, while concealing its knowledge so that the warranty period would expire before owners became aware of the problem. (Id. ¶ 8.)
Plaintiffs refer throughout their complaint to "Nissan," by which they appear to refer collectively to both Nissan North America (NNA) and its Japanese parent company Nissan Motor Co., Ltd (NML). For the purposes of this motion, the court construes Plaintiffs' references to "Nissan" to refer to NNA.
In support of these contentions, Plaintiffs allege that NNA redesigned one of the defective TCTS components in 2006 or 2007, correcting the defect, but without informing consumers. (Id. ¶¶ 39-43.) Plaintiffs further point to a series of three Technical Service Bulletins issued by Nissan North America, beginning July 17, 2007, instructing technicians to replace TCTS component parts in the case of whining or buzzing noises. (Id. ¶¶ 44-49.) Additionally, Plaintiffs point to complaints by drivers to the National Highway Traffic Administration, which Plaintiffs allege NNA monitors regularly, between 2006 and 2010. (Id. ¶¶ 50, 52.)
In the case of each Plaintiff, the repairs were undertaken outside of the vehicle's five-year, 60,000-mile (which ever comes first) Powertrain warranty. (Id. ¶¶ 57, 65, 74, 82 57, 58.) Plaintiffs allege that they heard "whining," "buzzing," and "ticking" sounds during the warranty period which were symptomatic of the TCTS defect, and that they would have demanded that NNA repair the vehicles during the warranty period had they been made aware of the nature and extent of the problem. (Id. ¶¶ 57, 64, 73, 80.)
Based on the facts described above, Plaintiffs asserted six causes of action against NNA: (1) violation of California's Consumer Legal Remedies Act ("CLRA"), Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1750 et seq; 2) breach of implied warranty pursuant to California's Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1792 and 1791.1 et seq.; 3) violation of California's Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200 et seq.;(4) violation of Washington's Consumer Protection Act ("WCPA"), RCW 19.86 et seq;(5) Fraud, and (6) Unjust Enrichment.
II Legal Standard
A. Motions to Dismiss
A complaint will survive a motion to dismiss when it contains "sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal^ 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court must "accept as true all allegations of material fact and must construe those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir.2000). Although a complaint need not include "detailed factual allegations," it must offer "more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Conclusory allegations or allegations that are no more than a statement of a legal conclusion "are not entitled to the assumption of truth." Id. at 679. In other words, a pleading that merely offers "labels and conclusions," a "formulaic recitation of the elements," or "naked assertions" will not be sufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Id. at 678 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
"When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement of relief." Id. at 679. Plaintiffs must allege "plausible grounds to infer" that their claims rise "above the speculative level." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. "Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief" is a "context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.
B. Rule 9(b)
Claims sounding in fraud are subject to the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires that a plaintiff alleging fraud "must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud." See Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir.2009). "To satisfy Rule 9(b), a pleading must identify the who, what, when, where, and how of the misconduct charged, as well as what is false or misleading about [the purportedly fraudulent] statement, and why it is false." Cafasso, United States ex rel v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1055 (9th Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
III. Analysis
A. California Consumers Legal Remedies Act (CLRA)
Plaintiffs' first claim is made under the CLRA. The CLRA prohibits "unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices." Cal. Civ. Code § 1770. Plaintiffs rely on § 1770(a)(5), which prohibits "[r]epresenting that goods or services have sponsorship, approval, characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities which they do not have", and § 1770(a)(7), which prohibits "[r]epresenting that goods or services are of a particular standard, quality, or grade, or that goods are of a particular style or model, if they are of another."
Plaintiffs also allege in general terms that Defendants have violated § 1770(a)(9), which prohibits "[a]dvertising goods or services with intent not to sell them as advertised." See FAC ¶ 105. However, because Plaintiffs do not allege specific facts to support this contention or otherwise explain its inclusion, the court dismisses this aspect of Plaintiffs' claim.
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Although a plaintiff may bring a claim under these sections of the CLRA for both representations and fraudulent omissions, a fraudulent omissions claim is only actionable if the omission is "contrary to a representation actually made by the defendant" or "of a fact the defendant was obliged to disclose." Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 144 Cal. App. 4th 824, 835 (2006). "In the CLRA context, a fact is deemed 'material,' and obligates an exclusively knowledgeable defendant to disclose it, if a 'reasonable [consumer]' would deem it important in determining how to act in the transaction at issue." Collins v. eMachines, Inc., 202 Cal.App.4th 249,255 (2011).
Nondisclosure or concealment of a material fact may be actionable, among other circumstances, when (1) the defendant had exclusive knowledge of material facts not known to the plaintiff, and (2) the defendant actively conceals a material fact from the plaintiff. LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal.App.4th 326, 336-37 (Cal.Ct.App.1997). Plaintiffs assert that NNA is liable on both grounds, each of which NNA challenges in the instant motion. The court addresses each theory of liability in turn.
1. Exclusive Knowledge of Material Facts
The court first analyzes Plaintiffs' assertion that NNA violated its duty to Plaintiffs to disclose material facts exclusively within its possession.
I. Materiality of the Alleged Timing Chain Tensioning System Problem
The initial issue is whether the alleged defect was "material." NNA contends that it is immune from liability in a CLRA suit because the purported defect did not arise until after the expiration of the vehicles' warranty period. (Opp. at 6.) NNA argues that the warranty "define[s] consumer expectations of product life and establish[es] the parameters of a fact's 'materiality' for purposes of a fraudulent non-disclosure claim." (Reply at 5.)
NNA is correct that a warranty generally defines a consumer's expectations of a product's performance under California law. See Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 830-32. However, California courts have carved out an exception to this rule that is relevant to the current case: A manufacturer's duty to consumers is not limited to its warranty obligations where the nondisclosure involves an "unreasonable safety risk." Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2012). See also Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 832-38; Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 749 F. Supp. 2d 980, 987 (N.D. Cal. 2010) aff'd, 462 F. App'x 660 (9th Cir. 2011)(citing Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 836) ("[W]here, as here, a plaintiff's claim is predicated on a manufacturer's failure to inform its customers of a product's likelihood of failing outside the warranty period, the risk posed by such asserted defect cannot be 'merely' the cost of the product's repair; rather, for the omission to be material, the failure must pose 'safety concerns.'")
On its face, Plaintiffs' complaint focuses squarely on safety, alleging, for example:
[T]he fact that the Timing Chain Tensioning System is prone to sudden premature failure is material to consumers because it presents a serious safety issue and places driver and passengers at risk of harm. The Timing Chain Tensioning System is an integral component of the Subject Nissan Vehicles' engines. When the Timing Chain Tensioning System fails, it can cause a variety of problems for the Subject Nissan Vehicles, including the inability [to] accelerate and maintain speed, as well as catastrophic engine failure, among other issues. When any of these occur while the vehicles are in motion, occupants of the vehicles are exposed to rear end collisions and other accidents caused by the driver's inability to maintain an appropriate speed on the road.(FAC ¶ 10.)
NNA argues that Plaintiffs have not "alleg[ed] with particularity a defect and a causal connection to the alleged unreasonable safety hazard" and that "Plaintiffs provide no supporting detail indicating how the alleged timing belt defect constitutes a safety hazard." (MTD at 12; Reply at 7.) However, the court finds to the contrary that the First Amended Complaint describes in sufficient detail, through both text and figures, that the alleged failure of the Timing Chain Tensioning System can cause the vehicle's pistons and valves to smash into one another, leading to an inability to accelerate or maintain speed, as well as catastrophic engine failure. See FAC ¶¶ 10, 29-31, 34, 39-43.
NNA relies heavily on Wilson here, but this reliance is misplaced. In Wilson, the court found a logical inconsistency in the plaintiffs' allegation that a defect cutting off power to a laptop could cause the laptop to ignite. 668 F.3d at 1144. By contrast, the nexus between the alleged Timing Chain Tensioning System and the danger posed by engine failure is natural and direct. See In re Saturn L-Series Timing Chain Products Liab. Litig., MDL 1920, 2008 WL 4866604 at *8 (D. Neb. Nov. 7, 2008) (holding, in the case of an alleged defective steel timing chain, that "the potential for an engine to stop operating in the middle of an intersection, or on an interstate at speeds upwards of 65 miles per hour, constitutes enough of a safety risk that the Defendants in this case had a duty to disclose the safety defect to any potential consumer").
NNA also argues that the claim must be rejected because Plaintiffs have failed to allege that they or other members of the putative class have experienced a mechanical failure resulting in an unreasonable risk to personal safety. (MTD at 14.) In support of the assertion that Plaintiffs must allege such harm to themselves or other class members, NNA relies on Tietsworth v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 2009 WL 3320486 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 13 2009). There, plaintiffs alleged that a defect in a washing machine's control board could lead to the machine spinning out of control, posing a safety risk. Id. at *5. Addressing the issue as a question of standing, the court held that the plaintiffs lacked standing to pursue a claim because they failed to allege that they or other putative class members had experienced the alleged malfunction involving the machine spinning out of control. Id.
However, other courts that have considered the issue have expressly disagreed with Tietsworth's rationale. As Judge Fogel explained in Ehrlich v. BMW of North America, LLC:
The Court is not persuaded by Tietsworth or BMW's arguments that Plaintiff must plead that consumers have been injured by the alleged unreasonable safety risk. Tietsworth approached the safety defect issue in terms of actual injury to the named plaintiffs, finding that they "lacked standing" to pursue their claims based on merely posited injuries. Here, Plaintiff has alleged that he was injured by the defective windshields by having to replace the cracked windshield in his MINIs twice.... The alleged unreasonable risk of safety created by compromised windshields during rollover accidents is relevant to the materiality of BMW's omissions, and Plaintiff has alleged a plausible unreasonable safety risk that would have been material to the reasonable consumer.801 F.Supp. 2d 908, 918 (C.D. Cal 2010) (internal citations omitted). See also Cholakyan v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, 796 F.Supp.2d 1220, 1236-37 (C.D. Cal 2011) (rejecting defendant's argument that "the purported safety defects are speculative in nature, because there is no allegation that [plaintiff] or any other class member ever experienced such a defect"); In re Toyota Motor Corp., 754 F.Supp.2d 1145, 1160 (C.D. 2010)("The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that experiencing [a sudden unintended acceleration] defect is not required for standing. Standing merely requires a redressable injury that is fairly traceable to Defendants' conduct"); In re Porsche, 880 F. Supp 2d 827-28 (S.D. Ohio, 2012) (applying rule of Ehrlich and Cholakyan); Keegan v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 838 F. Supp. 2d 929, 943 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (same).
The court agrees with and will apply the rule of Ehrlich, Cholakyan, In re Porsche, and Keegan. There is little question the plaintiffs have alleged a sufficient injury-in-fact to establish standing: Each has alleged that he has been injured by the alleged defect by having to pay for the repair of his vehicle. As with the allegedly defective windshields in Ehrlich, the safety risk posed by the allegedly defective TCTS is not relevant to standing but rather goes to the materiality of NNA's alleged omissions. The court finds that Plaintiffs have alleged a plausible unreasonable safety risk that a reasonable consumer would have found material.
ii. Defendant's Knowledge of Alleged Defect
In order for a defendant's duty to disclose an alleged defect to be actionable, the defendant must have been aware of the defect at the time of sale to the plaintiff. See Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1145. NNA argues that Plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to show that NNA was aware of the alleged defect at the time of sale. In particular, NNA argues that Plaintiffs' allegations are conclusory and do not include facts that pre-date the sale of vehicles and thereby permit an inference of Defendant's knowledge at the time of sale. (MTD at 15.)
In alleging NNA's exclusive knowledge, Plaintiffs assert that: [S]ince as early as 2004, Nissan acquired its exclusive knowledge of the Timing Tensioning System defect through sources not available to Plaintiffs and members of the Class including, but not limited to, pre-production testing, pre-production design failure mode and analysis data, production design failure mode and analysis data, early consumer complaints made exclusively to Nissan's network of dealers and directly to Nissan, aggregate warranty data compiled from Nissan's network of dealers, testing conducted by Nissan in response to consumer complaints, and repair order and parts data received by Nissan from Nissan's network of dealers.FAC ¶ 37.
NNA argues that dismissal is required under Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1145-48 (9th Cir. 2012) because Plaintiffs' allegations are impermissibly conclusory. In Wilson, the Ninth Circuit found that the plaintiffs' allegation that Hewlett-Packard was aware of an alleged computer defect at the time of sale because it had "access to the aggregate information and data regarding the risk of overheating" was "speculative and [did] not suggest how any tests or information could have alerted HP to the defect." Id. at 1146-47 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). NNA also points to Grodzitsky v. Am. Honda Motor, 2013 WL 690822 at *6 (C.D. Cal. Feb 19, 2013), where the court found similarly generalized allegations of "pre-release testing data" and "aggregate data from Honda dealers" to inadequately plead that the manufacturer was aware of the defect at the time of sale to the plaintiffs.
However, in the present case, unlike in Wilson and Grodzitsky, Plaintiffs have alleged particular facts which make Plaintiffs' allegations more than merely speculative or conclusory. First, as noted above, Plaintiffs allege that on or around July 17, 2007, NNA issued the first of several Technical Service Bulletins to its dealerships instructing technicians to replace components of the Timing Chain Tensioning System in the vehicles covered by the complaint. (FAC ¶¶ 44-47.) Second, Plaintiffs allege that in or around 2006 or 2007, NNA replaced the chain guide of the Timing Chain Tensioning System with a redesigned version of the part that does not suffer from the defect. (FAC ¶¶ 41-42.) These facts, if true, permit plausible inferences that NNA was aware of the defect at the time they sold the vehicles in 2005 and 2006 and that NNA acquired this knowledge through the sorts of internal data Plaintiffs allege.
Indeed, the facts of this case are much closer to those of Mui Ho v. Toyota Motor Corp., 2013 WL 1087846 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 14, 2013), where the court found pleadings regarding the defendant's exclusive knowledge at the time of sale adequate, than they are to those of Wilson or Grodzitsky. In Ho, similar to the present case, the plaintiffs alleged that Toyota acquired their knowledge of a defective headlamp through "pre-release testing data," "aggregate data from Toyota dealers," "early consumer complaints," and "other internal sources of aggregate information." (Ho Second Amended Complaint, 3:12-cv 02672-SC, Dkt. No. 56 at ¶ 48.) And like the present case, defendants allegedly provided their dealers with a technical service informational bulletin acknowledging the headlight defect and noting the availability of replacement parts. (Ho SAC ¶ 9.) Although the bulletin appears to have been issued after some or most of the plaintiffs purchased their cars, (Ho SAC ¶¶ 9, 20, 30, 35), the court found that the plaintiffs had alleged sufficient facts to support their claim that the defendants knew of the defect at the time of sale. 2013 WL 1087846 at *8. This court reaches the same conclusion in the current case.
NNA correctly points out that most of the alleged complaints to NHTSA occurred post-sale, including those explicitly raising safety concerns.(MTD at 17; FAC 50-54.) Were post-sale customer complaints the only basis for NNA's alleged knowledge at the time of sale, as it appears was the case in Grodzitsky, 2013 WL 690822 at * 6-7, NNA would have a stronger case. But for the reasons explained above, there are other adequate bases to permit an inference that NNA was aware of the alleged defect at the time of sale. These allegations create a reasonable likelihood that discovery will produce evidence that NNA was aware of the alleged defect at the time it sold the vehicles to Plaintiffs.
2. Active Concealment
The court now turns to Plaintiffs' second theory under the CLRA. An discussed above, an actionable claim may arise "when the defendant actively conceals a material fact from the plaintiff." LiMandri, 52 Cal. App. 4th at 337. The following five elements are required: (1) the defendant must have concealed or suppressed a material fact; (2) the defendant must have been under a duty to disclose the fact to the plaintiff; (3) the defendant must have intentionally concealed or suppressed the fact with the intent to defraud the plaintiff; (4) the plaintiff must have been unaware of the fact and would not have acted as he did if he had known of the concealed or suppressed fact; and (5) as a result of the concealment or suppression of the fact, the plaintiff must have sustained damage. Lovejoy v. AT & T Corp., 119 Cal.App.4th 151, 157 (Cal.Ct.App. 2004).
With respect to the first and second elements, Plaintiffs have adequately pled that the alleged TCTS defect was material because it was safety-related and that the defendant therefore had an obligation to disclose it. See infra Section III(A)(1).
With respect to the third element, Plaintiffs allege that NNA actively concealed its knowledge of the TCTS defect, among other actions, by issuing TSBs advising repair facilities and dealerships that it was necessary to replace certain elements of the TCTS, but not informing customers about the TSBs (id. ¶¶ 7, 8, 44-48); failing to disclose that it redesigned the TCTS as a result of its internal knowledge of the system's defect (FAC ¶¶ 29-43); giving goodwill adjustments to reduce the costs of repairs for some customers who complained, but failing to do some for other customers who did not complain (id. ¶ 7); and when attempting to address the alleged defect, using a temporary fix (id. ¶ 8).
These allegations sufficiently allege active concealment that would create a duty to disclose. See, e.g., Falk v. Gen. Motors Corp., 496 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1097 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (finding that plaintiffs sufficiently pled active concealment by alleging that manufacturer did not notify consumers of defect in light of complaints and replaced defective parts with other defective parts in order to conceal defects); Marsikian v. Mercedes Benz USA, LLC, 2009 WL 8379784 at *14 (C.D. Cal. May 4, 2009)(finding sufficient to state a claim for active concealment allegations that internal service bulletins, "goodwill" adjustments given to the most vocal owners, and temporary fixes concealed the defect from the general customer base); Ehrlich v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 801 F. Supp. 2d 908, 919 (C.D. Cal. 2010) (finding sufficient to state a claim for active concealment allegations that defendant withheld information about alleged defect that it had learned through internal sources and customer complaints, replaced defective windshields only for the most vocal customers without disclosing the replacement program to all consumers, and concealed the program by calling the replacements "goodwill" adjustments).
To the extent that NNA challenges these allegations, it argues that the July 17, 2007 TSB disclosed the TCTS issue to consumers. (Reply at 5.) NNA points out that the text of the TSB is directed to the consuming public (referring, for example, to "your vehicle.") (Reply at 5.) Plaintiffs counter by asserting that the TSB can only be accessed online if one pays a "Viewing Subscription" and that its intended viewers are dealers, not customers. (See Reply at 15, fn 11.) This dispute of fact is not appropriately addressed at the stage of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).
With respect to the fourth and fifth elements, NNA asserts that Plaintiffs have failed to plead actionable reliance. (MTD at 18.) NNA asserts that each Plaintiff's claim that he would not have purchased the vehicle or paid less had he known of the alleged defect is conclusory. Id. at 18-19. However, under California law, reliance, on a classwide basis, may be established by materiality, a rule that applies in "failure to disclose" cases. See, e.g., Stearns v. Ticketmaster Corp., 655 F.3d 1013, 122 (9th Circuit) (citing McAdams v. Monier, Inc., 182 Cal.App.4th 174, 184 (2010) (holding that because of defendant's failure to disclose information "which would have been material to any reasonable person who purchased" the product, a presumption of reliance was justified)). As discussed above, Plaintiffs adequately plead that the alleged TCTS defect was material. See, infra, Section (III)(A)(1)(I).
NNA further argues that Plaintiffs' reasonable expectations were satisfied because the vehicles allegedly did not fail during the life of the warranty. (MTD at 18.) This argument is unavailing. For the reasons discussed above, see Section III(A), a warranty does not define customers' expectations where, as here, the alleged defect is safety-related. In such cases, the non-disclosure of the defect may give rise to a fraudulent nondisclosure claim even if the defect arises and the claim is made outside of the warranty period.
B. Breach of Implied Warranty under the Song-Beverly Warranty Act
The Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act creates "an implied warranty of merchantability," whereby the seller guarantees that consumer goods meet each of the following conditions: (1) pass without objection in the trade under the contract description; (2) are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used; (3) are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled; and (4) conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label. Cal. Civ. Code § 1791.1 Unlike an express warranty, "the implied warranty of merchantability arises by operation of law" and "provides for a minimum level of quality." (Am. Suzuki Motor Corp v. Superior Court, 37 Cal.App.4th at 1291, 1295-1296 (1995) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Plaintiffs assert that the alleged TCTS defect renders the Class Vehicles unfit for their particular purpose of providing safe and reliable transportation. (FAC ¶¶ 137-143.)
NNA moves to dismiss on two grounds. First, NNA argues that Plaintiffs have failed to allege that the vehicles are unfit for their ordinary purpose, which, relying on Am. Suzuki,37 Cal. App. 4th 1295-96, it argues is simply to provide transportation. (MTD at 24.) NNA argues that the fact that the vehicles outlasted their warranty demonstrate that the vehicles "must have, by definition, been fit for [their] ordinary purpose[]." (Id.) NNA quotes a passage purportedly from Am. Suzuki which would strongly support its position ("[W]here an express time-limited warranty is issued by a manufacturer, latent defects discovered after the term of the warranty are not actionable as an implied warranty claim.") (MTD at 24). However, the court does not find this passage in the cited case.
Moreover, the proposition that a vehicle is merchantable solely because it provides transportation was rejected in Isip v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, 155 Cal. App. 4th 19, 27 (2007) ("We reject the notion that merely because a vehicle provides transportation from point A to point B, it necessarily does not violate the implied warranty of merchantability. A vehicle that smells, lurches, clanks, and emits smoke over an extended period of time is not fit for its intended purpose.") Plaintiffs assert that the alleged defect violates the implied warranty of merchantability on the ground that "a vehicle that whines, buzzes, fails to accelerate and maintain speed, experience engine failure, and ultimately requires engine repairs" is unmerchantable. (Opp at 24.) While Plaintiffs' allegations may not reach the level of those in Mexia, the court finds that, taken as true, they are enough to survive a motion to dismiss.
NNA's second argument is that Plaintiffs' claims are time-barred. (MTD at 24.) California Civil Code section 1791.1 provides that "[t]he duration of the implied warranty of merchantability ... shall be coextensive in duration with an express warranty which accompanies the consumer goods, provided the duration of the express warranty is reasonable; but in no event shall such implied warranty have a duration of less than 60 days nor more than one year following the sale of new consumer goods to a retail buyer." Commercial Code section 2725 states in relevant part: "(1) An action for breach of any contract for sale must be commenced within four years after the cause of action has accrued.... (2) A cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party's lack of knowledge of the breach. A breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made, except that where a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered." A cause of action under the Song-Beverly Act accrues from the date the product is delivered, if the defect--albeit undiscovered-- existed at that time. Mexia, 174 Cal. App. 4th at 1305.
NNA asserts that the above rules mean that an implied warranty brought more than five years from the date of delivery is time-barred: Since the implied warranty lasts only one year, NNA argues, a claim must be brought within four years of the expiration of the one-year period, or five years from the date of sale. This argument, fails, however because under California law, NNA's five-year warranty had the effect of tolling the statute of limitations. Indeed, a court in this district recently considered and rejected precisely NNA's argument in Ehrlich v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 801 F. Supp. 2d 908, 924-25 (C.D. Cal. 2010) ("BMW's argument fails because it ignores the existence of the 4-year/50,000-mile express warranty, which is a warranty that 'explicitly extends to future performance of the goods.' That warranty tolled the statute of limitations until Plaintiff reasonably knew that his MINI would not perform as it should, which did not occur until his windshield cracked and BMW would not replace it.') (citing Krieger v. Nick Alexander Imports, Inc., 234 Cal.App.3d 205, 215-17 (Ct.App.1991)). Following the holding in Erlich, Plaintiffs' claims are not time-barred because NNA's five-year warranty tolled the running of the implied warranty's statute of limitations.
C. California Unfair Competition Law (UCL)
California's Unlawful Competition Act prohibits "unlawful," "unfair," or "fraudulent" business practices. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. Plaintiffs assert that NNA's business practices are unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent. (FAC ¶¶ 18-27.)
For a claim based upon unlawful business practices under the UCL, the UCL "borrows violations of other laws and treats them as unlawful practices that the unfair competition law makes independently actionable." Cel-Tech Comms., Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal4th 163, 180 (1999). Plaintiffs assert that NNA's conduct violates the unlawful prong on the grounds that it violates the CLRA and the Song-Beverly Warranty Act. (See FAC ¶ 118.) NNA asserts that it has violated neither law. However, because the court finds that Plaintiffs' pleadings under the CLRA and the Song-Beverly Warranty Act are sufficient to survive NNA's motion to dismiss, see, infra, Sections III(A) and III(B), the court finds that Plaintiffs' pleadings as to the UCL's unlawful prong are likewise sufficient.
Having determined that Plaintiffs have adequately pled a UCL violation under the "unlawful" prong, it need not address whether Plaintiffs' claims are adequately pled under the "unfair" and "fraudulent" prongs.
D. Washington Consumer Protection Act (WCPA)
Under the WCPA, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant's act or practice (1) is unfair or deceptive; (2) occurs in the conduct of trade or commerce; (3) affects the public interest; (4) causes injury to the plaintiff's business or property; and (5) causes the injury suffered. Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 105 Wash.2d 778, 719 P.2d 531, 535 (1986). Washington courts have determined that the knowing omission of a material fact is a "deceptive" practice. See Testo v. Russ Dunmire Oldsmobile, Inc., 16 Wash. App. 39, 51, 554 P.2d 349, 358 (1976)("A buyer and seller do not deal from equal bargaining positions when the latter has within his knowledge a material fact which, if communicated to the buyer, will render the goods unacceptable or, at least, substantially less desirable. Failure to reveal a fact which the seller is in good faith bound to disclose may generally be classified as an unfair or deceptive act due to its inherent capacity to deceive and, in some cases, will even rise to the level of fraud."); Carideo v. Dell, Inc., 706 F. Supp. 2d 1122, 1133 (W.D. Wash. 2010) (citing Testo). Plaintiffs allege that NNA's failure to disclose the TCTS to Plaintiffs was a material omission that constituted a deceptive practice in the course of trade or business of public interest that resulted in damages to Plaintiffs. (FAC ¶¶ 132-136.)
NNA challenges Plaintiffs' WCPA claim on the same grounds as it challenges Plaintiffs' CLRA claim. (MTD at 22-23.) First, it asserts that the alleged failure to disclose was not "material" because it relates solely to the post-warranty performance of the vehicles. (Id. at 23) However, Plaintiffs identify no Washington case law to support this proposition. Moreover, a U.S. district court has recently suggested that Washington courts would allow "failure to disclose" actions for defects that arise post-warranty, including even non-safety defects. See Carideo v. Dell, Inc., 706 F. Supp. 2d 1122, 1134 (W.D. Wash. 2010) (rejecting argument that defendant's "duty to its consumers was limited to its warranty obligations absent either an affirmative misrepresentation or a safety issue" because Washington courts have not embraced this principle, as articulated by California courts in Dougherty and its progeny).
NNA further challenges the WCPA claim on the grounds that Plaintiffs have failed to allege NNA's knowledge at the time of sale. (MTD at 23, citing Robinson v Avis Rent a Car System, Inc, 22 P.3d 818, 824 (Wash. App. 2001)). However, as discussed supra in section III(A)(1)(ii), the court found that Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled NNA's knowledge at the time of sale to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(B)(6).
E. Fraud
Plaintiffs appear to assert a claim of fraudulent concealment (failure to disclose). A plaintiff must how that (1) the defendant intentionally concealed or suppressed a material fact, (2) the defendant had a duty to disclose that fact, (3) acted with the intent to defraud the plaintiff, (4) the plaintiff was unaware of the fact, and (5) as a result of the concealment, plaintiffs were damaged. See Roddenberry v. Roddenberry, 44 Cal.App.4th 634, 666 (1996).
All but one of NNA's challenges as to Plaintiffs' allegations of fraudulent concealment are addressed at length in Section III(A) . A final objection is that Plaintiffs have failed to plead fraudulent concealment with the specificity required by 9(b).
Rule 9(b) requires that "[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally." As a general rule, "[a]verments of fraud must be accompanied by the 'who, what, when, where, and how' of the misconduct charged." Cooper v. Picket, 137 F.3d 616,627 (9th Cir. 1997). However, as Plaintiffs point out, a fraud by omission or fraud by concealment claim "can succeed without the same level of specificity required by a normal fraud claim." Baggett v. Hewlett-Packard, Co., 582 F. Supp. 2d 1261, 1267 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (internal citations omitted). "[A] plaintiff in a fraudulent concealment suit will 'not be able to specify the time, place, and specific content of an omission as precisely as would a plaintiff in a false representation claim.'" Id. (internal citations omitted). Ultimately, the question before the court is whether the plaintiff "identifies the circumstances constituting fraud so that a defendant can prepare an adequate answer from the allegations." See Moore v. Kayport Package Exp., Inc., 885 F.2d 531, 540 (9th Cir. 1989). In the present case, the court finds that Plaintiffs' allegations that NNA concealed from consumers its knowledge of the TCTS problem during the period 2004 through 2007 are sufficiently specific to go beyond the level of merely conclusory or speculative and are sufficient to enable NNA to produce an adequate response.
F. Unjust Enrichment
Finally, NNA challenges Plaintiffs' claim of unjust enrichment on the grounds that unjust enrichment is not an independent cause of action. (MTD at 25.) The court agrees. "California does not recognize a standalone cause of action for unjust enrichment." Robinson v. HSBC Bank USA, 732 F.Supp.2d 976 (N.D.Cal.2010). "Unjust enrichment is not a cause of action, however, or even a remedy, but rather, a general principle, underlying various legal doctrines and remedies." McBride v. Boughton, 123 Cal.App.4th 379, 387, 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 115 (2004) (internal citations omitted).
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth herein, the court DENIES Defendant NNA's motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) as to Plaintiffs' (1) CLRA,(2) Implied Warranty, (3) UCL,(4) WCPA, and (5) Fraud claims. The court GRANTS NNA's motion to dismiss as to Plaintiffs' Unjust Enrichment claim. IT IS SO ORDERED.
DEAN D. PREGERSON
United States District Judge