Opinion
No. 03-96-00332-CV.
November 20, 1997.
Appeal from the 200th Judicial District Court, Travis County, F. Scott McCown, J.
Dan Morales, Attorney General, Don Walker, Assistant Attorney General, Administrative Law Division, Roxanne Caperton, Assistant Attorney General, General Counsel Division, Austin, for Appellant.
Christopher Malish, Foster Malish, L.P.P., Austin, for Appellee.
Before CARROLL, C.J., and POWERS and JONES, JJ.
The Employees' Retirement System of Texas (ERS) appeals from a district court judgment reversing the agency's final order in a contested case. We will modify the judgment and affirm it as modified.
THE CONTROVERSY
McKillip applied for disability benefits under the State of Texas Uniform Group Insurance Program and Plan. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art 3.50-2 (West 1981 and Supp. 1997) (Ins.Code). Group Life and Health Insurance (GLH), an insurer under the Plan, was a party in the contested case that followed McKillip's application. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas, Inc., a health-insurance carrier under the plan, was also a party in the contested case although it concerned only a claim for disability benefits. After an evidentiary hearing before an administrative law judge employed by the State Office of Administrative Hearings, the ERS denied McKillip's claim for disability benefits and issued a final order to that effect.
See 34 Tex. Admin. Code § 67.17 (1977) (The "insurer," defined as a company providing coverage under article 3.50-2, "shall be considered a party" to any agency proceeding involving a question of eligibility or coverage).
Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas, Inc. is evidently the parent company of GLH. For convenience, we shall refer hereafter to GLH alone. Their interests appear to be identical for purposes of the appeal. Neither is a party on appeal.
McKillip sued in district court for judicial review of the agency decision. The court reversed the agency decision and remanded the case to the ERS with certain instructions. ERS appealed to this court on four points of error.
SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION
In its first point of error, the ERS contends the district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to decide McKillip's statutory cause of action for judicial review. The agency argues as follows: Section 2001.176 of the Administrative Procedure Act required that McKillip join GLH as a party within thirty days of filing her petition in district court, which she failed to do. This omission, which ordinarily results only in a want of personal jurisdiction, becomes a defect in subject-matter jurisdiction under the doctrine established in Mingus v. Wadley, 115 Tex. 551, 285 S.W. 1084, 1087 (1926), given the nature of the case: when a plaintiff brings a purely statutory cause of action in derogation of the common law, to recover a statutory remedy, subject-matter jurisdiction is not presumed in the reviewing court, although it be a court of general jurisdiction, and the record must affirmatively show as a jurisdictional fact that the plaintiff complied strictly with the statutorily prescribed method for transferring the controversy from the administrative department of government to the district court. See, e.g., Texas Catastrophe Property Ins. Ass'n v. Council of Co-Owners of Saida II Towers Condominium Ass'n, 706 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex. 1986); City of Lubbock v. Bownds, 623 S.W.2d 752, 755 (Tex.App. — Amarillo 1981, no writ).
Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.176 (West 1997). The statute governs suits for judicial review of contested-case decisions conducted under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and provides as follows:
(a) A person initiates judicial review in a contested case by filing a petition not later than the 30th day after the date on which the decision that is the subject of complaint is final and appealable.
(b) Unless otherwise provided by statute:
(1) the petition must be filed in a Travis County district court;
(2) a copy of the petition must be served on the state agency and each party of record in the proceedings before the agency; and
(3) the filing of the petition vacates a state agency decision for which trial de novo is the manner of review authorized by law but does not affect the enforcement of an agency decision for which another manner of review is authorized.
Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 2001.176 (West 1997) (emphasis added).
We observe initially that APA section 2001.176 requires the filing of the plaintiff's petition within the specified thirty days, in a Travis County District Court, but it specifies no time period for serving a copy of the petition "on the state agency and each party of record in the proceedings before the agency." McKillip filed her original petition within the time required and effected service of her petition by a copy attached to a citation issued by the district court and delivered to the ERS in a manner authorized by Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 99 through 107. The ERS does not complain of such service itself. McKillip did not effect in the same manner service of her petition upon GLH. Instead, McKillip served a copy of her petition upon GLH by mailing the copy to the attorney who had represented GLH in the agency proceeding, relying apparently upon the informal-service provisions of Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 21 and 21a. These provisions permit such service of every "notice" required by the rules of procedure "and every pleading, plea, motion, or other form of request required to be served . . . other than the citation to be served upon the filing of a cause of action." Tex.R. Civ. P. 21a (emphasis added). The ERS contends such manner of service upon GLH is not authorized by APA section 2001.176(b)(2). We agree.
It is indisputable that McKillip's original petition, filed with the district clerk, was a pleading that initiated a cause of action. See APA § 2001.176(a). Hence, it was a pleading within the exception of Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 21a pertaining to service by "citation to be served upon the filing of a cause of action." This indicates that APA section 2001.176(b)(2) requires service of the petition by attaching a copy thereof to a citation issued by the district court, delivered by a proper person in a proper manner, with a return thereof made to the court, all as governed by Rules 99 through 107 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.
This interpretation of APA section 2001.176(b)(2) is buttressed by APA section 2001.175 requiring the agency to send to the reviewing court the original or a copy of the agency record "[a]fter service of the petition . . . and within the time permitted for filing an answer." (emphasis added). Only a citation provides for an assured date certain for calculating "the time permitted for filing an answer" for the commands in the citation are directed to the person whose interests are to be bound and the return thereof must state " when the citation was served and the manner of service," ordinarily by delivery to the person named in the citation. In contrast, Rule 21a permits service of a paper upon a "party" or his "duly authorized agent or attorney of record" by mail or by telephonic document. Under the first mode of service authorized by Rule 21a, service "shall be complete upon deposit of the paper" in a post office or official postal depository; under the second mode of service, service "shall be deemed served the following day" when the document is transferred after 5:00 p.m. local time of the recipient, or the day of transfer if before that time. The person serving the paper by either method need only verify "the fact of service." Our construction of APA section 2001.176(b)(2) is, moreover, the same as that arrived at by courts in other jurisdictions that have construed the same statutory language copied, like section 2001.176(b)(2), from section 15(b) of the 1961 Model State Administrative Procedure Act.
See Tolly v. Department of Human Resources, 225 Conn. 13, 621 A.2d 719, 720 (1993); Gibson v. City of Racine Police Fire Comm'n, 123 Wis.2d 150, 366 N.W.2d 144, 146 (1985).
We hold, therefore, that APA section 2001.176(b)(2) required service of the plaintiff's petition upon the "agency and each party of record in the proceedings before the agency" by means of attaching a copy of the petition to a citation, issued and served in a manner authorized by Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 99 through 107. Consequently, McKillip's mailing a copy of her petition to GLH's attorney, under the provisions of Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 21 and 21a, did not constitute the service required by APA section 2001.176(b)(2) and did not bring GLH's interest before the court for adjudication. This conclusion does not, however, dispose of ERS's point of error.
The record reveals that GLH filed in the district court cause an original answer containing a general denial, a plea that GLH was not a party because it was not "properly and timely served," and a plea that GLH be dismissed or, alternatively, that the decision of the ERS be affirmed. This answer constituted a voluntary general appearance by GLH in the lawsuit "so as to dispense with the necessity for the issuance or service of citation upon [GLH]." Tex.R. Civ. P. 121. Moreover, GLH's general appearance accomplished the very purpose of APA section 2001.176(b)(2) — to vest in the reviewing court a power to bind GLH's interest by a final judgment in the cause. We do not believe the strict-compliance doctrine of Mingus forbids such a voluntary submission to the district court's jurisdiction. By invoking the rules of procedure pertaining to service of citation, we believe APA section 2001.176(b)(2) necessarily made applicable the companion provisions of Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 121 in the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary. We hold, therefore, that GLH's voluntary general appearance vested subject-matter jurisdiction in the district court as effectively as if McKillip had procured service of her petition by citation as contemplated in APA section 2001.176(b)(2). There remains, however, another issue to be considered in connection with the ERS's first point of error complaining that the district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction.
After its voluntary general appearance by an answer filed in the cause, GLH filed a "Notice of Non-Suit" on the day of trial, presumably under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 162 authorizing a plaintiff to take a non-suit if done in a timely manner and without prejudice to an adverse party's claim for affirmative relief. GLH apparently reasoned that its answer amounted to a plea in intervention, giving it the position of a plaintiff. However doubtful this reasoning, we believe it is immaterial. Because the district court acquired subject-matter jurisdiction on the filing of GLH's original answer, GLH's subsequent non-suit could not retroactively deprive the district court of subject-matter jurisdiction of McKillip's claim for affirmative relief. See Williams v. National Mortg. Co., 903 S.W.2d 398, 403 (Tex.App. — Dallas 1995, writ denied).
For the foregoing reasons, we hold the district court possessed subject-matter jurisdiction and overrule the ERS's first point of error.
COMPLIANCE WITH APA § 2001.058(e)
GLH's disability insurance policy excluded from coverage McKillip's undisputed disability if it was
caused or contributed to by, or is a consequence of, an injury or sickness for which [McKillip] received medical treatment or services . . . during the three-month period immediately prior to
August 26, 1991, the date she began state employment and came generally within policy coverage. The controversy reduced to whether McKillip's disability was caused by degenerative arthritis, resulting from the scoliosis that had plagued her since childhood, or from inflammatory arthritis that arose soon after she commenced state employment on August 26, 1991.
The hearing officer received evidence that McKillip suffered from scoliosis for many years before 1991 and that it caused pain in her lower back. Between February 1991 and August 1991, five physicians diagnosed the scoliosis and made recommendations for its treatment, including surgery. After August 26, 1991, three other physicians who examined McKillip reached the same conclusions. In October 1991, a physician examined McKillip on her complaint that she had trouble sitting at her computer and using her hands. In January 1992, another physician examined McKillip on her complaint of "joint pain." These complaints outside the lower-back area apparently began in September 1991. Another physician, a rheumatologist, examined McKillip in May 1993. He concluded that her disability — pain and stiffness in her arms, hips, knees, and hands — was caused by inflammatory arthritis in her peripheral joints and not by degenerative arthritis resulting from scoliosis; that such disabilities could arise suddenly and were commonly misdiagnosed by physicians; and that scoliosis would not account for stiffness in the arms, hips, knees, and hands.
Based upon findings of fact and reasons set out at length in her proposal for decision, the administrative law judge concluded from the conflicting evidence that McKillip's disability was caused by "seronegative inflammatory arthritis with secondary carpal tunnel syndrome" affecting her hands, shoulders, hips, and knees and was "not related to degenerative arthritis of the back associated with the scoliosis or deformity in her spine." Accordingly, the administrative law judge proposed conclusions of law that the disability was caused by the inflammatory arthritis which "can develop literally overnight, or insidiously over a number of months"; that the condition arose within six months after August 26, 1991; and that McKillip did not receive treatment for the condition within the three months preceding that date.
In reaching a contrary decision, the ERS listed in its final order five findings of fact summarizing the opinions of four physicians who examined McKillip between June 4, 1991, and January 6, 1992. These support a conclusion that McKillip's disability was caused by lower-back pain due to scoliosis. The findings do not mention the pain and stiffness in her arms, hips, knees, and hands. From these findings, the ERS concluded McKillip's disability was due to a condition for which she received medical treatment during the three months immediately before August 26, 1991. That is to say, the ERS attributed causation to degenerative scoliosis as opposed to inflammatory arthritis. The ERS denied McKillip's claim based upon the agency's findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The district court reversed the resulting agency order for want of compliance with the provisions of APA section 2001.058(e). In its second point of error, the ERS contends the district court erred in this respect.
APA section 2001.058(e) provides as follows:
A state agency may change a finding of fact or conclusion of law made by the administrative law judge . . . only for reasons of policy. The agency shall state in writing the reason and legal basis for a change made under this subsection.
APA § 2001.058(e) (emphasis added). The word policy as used in the statute means a matter involving the public interest, such as a right, duty, or expectation of the community at large derived, for example, from a statute administered by the agency, a constitutional provision, or another source of law. The term legal basis refers to the source from which the policy is derived. The word reason requires the agency to articulate a rational connection between the stated policy and the change ordered by the agency in the particular case. See generally Bernard Schwartz, Administrative Law § 7.29 (1984).
A primary function of administrative agencies is to translate broadly stated legislative policies into more particular policies susceptible of practical application. See generally James M. Landis, The Administrative Process (1938). This is ordinarily done by agency rulemaking. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. s 2001.003(6)(A), §§ 2001.021-.036. A presumption favors this course. See 1 Frank E. Cooper, State Administrative Law 177-85 (1965). Policymaking through rulemaking is not always possible, however, and an agency may be justified in formulating and implementing administrative policy in other ways, even in the course of adjudicating a particular contested case. See generally Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Public Util. Comm'n, 745 S.W.2d 918, 926-27 (Tex.App. — Austin 1988, writ denied); Cooper, supra.
In purported compliance with APA section 2001.058(e), the ERS stated in its final order that it changed the administrative law judge's findings of fact and conclusions of law for the following reasons:
[T]he act prescribes fiduciary responsibility to provide "uniformity in life, accident and health benefits" and to promote and preserve "economic security" among state employees. To fulfill its fiduciary obligations and properly implement the purposes and objectives of the Act, the ERS Board of Trustees must construe the contract terms consistent with those objectives. []
We note that the statute on which the ERS relies for its policy statement is broader than the portion quoted. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 3.50-2, § 2(a) — (g). Some sections are directed at providing benefits for the individual employee as well as at general concerns, e.g., "to encourage employment by and service to the State of Texas as a career profession for persons of high standards of competence and ability." The subsection on which the ERS relies reads: "to recognize and protect the state's investment in each permanent employee by promoting and preserving economic security and good health among state employees and their dependents." The use of the word "each" employee and the joinder of economic security and health may raise a question whether this particular section is directed toward the plan's security or the security of the individual employee.
In addition, the Appellant had the burden of showing that her disability did not arise from any pre-existing medical condition. . . . The administrative law judge's recommendation failed to correctly apply the burden of proof to the facts in light of the controlling contract terms, and was, therefore, inconsistent with the policy of the Employees Retirement System of Texas.
We believe the "reasons" stated in the foregoing passage from the final order do not satisfy the requirements of APA section 2001.058(e). It is obvious that any ambiguous provision in the insurance policy must be construed in light of and consistent with the purposes and objectives of the State of Texas Uniform Group Insurance Program and Plan. The final order does not identify what policy provision the agency had in mind. We must assume the agency intended the policy exclusion for no other policy provision in the contract appears to be relevant. The final order does not state the exclusion is ambiguous in any respect so that McKillip's disability comes within the exclusion under one interpretation and outside the exclusion under another. The order does not state what construction of the policy exclusion the ERS arrived at so as to exclude her claim.
As we understand the second "reason," the agency resolved the case against McKillip because she failed to carry a burden of proof that was properly hers under the policy. Presumably this refers to her burden to prove that her disability was caused by something other than the scoliosis that had plagued her since childhood. Evidence was received that her disability was caused by inflammatory arthritis and not by degenerative arthritis associated with her scoliosis. The administrative law judge assigned controlling weight and legal effect to this evidence. Evidently the agency heads chose to assign controlling weight and legal effect to the contrary evidence for they found affirmatively that McKillip's disability "was caused or contributed to by a sickness for which [she] received medical treatment . . . during the three-month period" before August 26, 1991. In other words, the order reflects not that McKillip failed to carry a burden of proof but that contrary evidence affirmatively established a cause of disability contrary to her theory of causation. We note in passing that ERS's purported "reason" for changing the findings of fact and conclusions of law is thus contradicted by what the agency heads found the facts to be, based upon their view of the evidence relating to causation.
APA section 2001.058(e) required that the ERS state in its final order the following:
1. The agency's construction of the policy exclusion (if that was the policy provision intended) and a rational connection between that construction and the changes the agency made in the findings of fact and conclusions of law; and
2. A rational connection between the agency's placing the burden of proof upon McKillip and the changes the agency made
in the findings of fact and conclusions of law, especially in light of the fact that the administrative law judge's proposal for decision indicates that she placed upon McKillip the burden of proof throughout.
The agency order is entirely silent in these respects. We therefore hold the order insufficient under APA section 2001.058(e) and overrule ERS's second point of error.
INSTRUCTIONS ON REMAND
In point of error three, the ERS contends the trial court exceeded its authority and violated the separation of powers doctrine, by remanding the controversy to the agency with certain instructions. We agree.
The district-court judgment below reverses the agency order and remands the case to the ERS. The judgment then directs as follows:
It is further ordered that this cause is hereby remanded . . . with instructions to the [ERS] that it is ordered to adopt the Proposal for Decision, including the findings of fact and conclusions of law therein, which was issued [by the administrative law judge].
It is further ordered that there shall be no further proceedings concerning this matter before the ERS, apart from those described above in this judgment. After this case has been remanded to the ERS with instructions to the ERS to adopt the Administrative Law Judge's Proposal for Decision and the ERS has adopted same, the District Court will not hear an appeal [sic] from Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Group Life Health, or any other party, complaining of the order of the ERS adopting the Administrative Law Judge's Proposal for Decision. This judgment binds all parties to the proceedings below.
We hold the district court erred in including these instructions in its judgment. The discretionary power to adopt an administrative law judge's proposal for decision is vested by statute in the ERS, not in a district court. Ins. Code art. 3.50-2, § 4B(c). Moreover, a reviewing court has no power to exercise an essentially administrative function. See, e.g., Gerst v. Nixon, 411 S.W.2d 350, 354 (Tex. 1966); Davis v. City of Lubbock, 160 Tex. 38, 326 S.W.2d 699, 714 (1959). "[T]he guiding principle, violated here, is that the function of the reviewing court ends when an error of law is laid bare." Federal Power Comm'n v. Idaho Power Co., 344 U.S. 17, 20, 73 S.Ct. 85, 86-87, 97 L.Ed. 15 (1952); see also, Federal Communications Comm'n v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., 309 U.S. 134, 138, 60 S.Ct. 437, 439, 84 L.Ed. 656 (1940). We sustain the point of error and will modify accordingly the judgment below.
SUBSTANTIAL-EVIDENCE REVIEW
In point of error four, the ERS contends the district court erred in failing to find the agency decision supported by substantial evidence. We need not decide the point of error for we have held the district court properly reversed the agency decision on the ground that McKillip's substantial rights were prejudiced by the unlawful procedure and statutory violation described in our discussion of APA section 2001.058(e). See APA § 2001.174(2)(A),(C); Texas State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Seely, 764 S.W.2d 806, 809-10 (Tex.App. — Austin 1988, writ denied) (court of appeals must sustain district-court judgment reversing agency order if judgment correct on any legal ground alleged in petition).
For the reasons given above, we modify the trial-court judgment by deleting therefrom the instructions quoted above. We direct that the remand be general. See Tex.R.App. P. 43.2(b). As modified, we affirm the judgment below.