Opinion
Docket No. 19595.
Decided May 28, 1975. Leave to appeal denied, 395 Mich. 752.
Appeal from Oakland, Arthur E. Moore, J. Submitted Division 2 April 17, 1975, at Detroit. (Docket No. 19595.) Decided May 28, 1975. Leave to appeal denied, 395 Mich. 752.
Complaint in district court by Eberhard Manufacturing Company against Stanley M. Brown for recovery of the price of goods sold and delivered to defendant pursuant to a distributorship agreement. Counterclaim by defendant for breach of the distributorship agreement. Judgment for defendant. Plaintiff appealed to circuit court. Affirmed. Plaintiff appeals by leave granted. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Hertzberg, Jacob Weingarten (by Dennis S. Kayes), for plaintiff.
Hartman, Beier, Howlett, McConnell Googasian (by Eric J. McCann), for defendant.
Before: J.H. GILLIS, P.J., and QUINN and R.M. MAHER, JJ.
Plaintiff brought action to recover for the price of goods sold and delivered to defendant pursuant to a distributorship agreement. Defendant counterclaimed for damages for breach of the agreement. The matter was tried in the 48th District Court and the judge, sitting without a jury, gave judgment for defendant on his counterclaim in the amount of $6,315.82.
Plaintiff appealed to the circuit court, which affirmed the district court judgment. Application for leave to appeal was denied in this Court. Subsequently the Supreme Court granted leave to appeal and remanded the cause to this Court.
Plaintiff has made five assignments of error. Only two of these require discussion. First, the plaintiff alleges that the court erred in giving defendant a credit of $559.03 for goods which were apparently lost in transit.
At trial, the plaintiff introduced evidence that the goods were sold to defendant F.O.B. plaintiff's factory, and the goods were placed by plaintiff on board a common carrier with instructions to deliver to defendant. This evidence was not controverted by any evidence of defendant's. It is plaintiff's contention that the risk of loss passed to defendant buyer when the goods were put on board the carrier.
On appeal both parties point to MCLA 440.2509(1); MSA 19.2509(1) as controlling. Plaintiff, however, cites subsection (a) and defendant subsection (b). Subsection (a) states the rule where the contract is a "shipment" contract, in which case risk of loss passes to the buyer where the goods are duly delivered to the carrier; subsection (b) states the rule where a contract is a "destination" contract, in which case risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are duly tendered at the destination.
An agreement of the parties would control as to who has the risk of loss. MCLA 440.2509(4); MSA 19.2509(4); MCLA 440.1102(3) (Official UCC Comment 3); MSA 19.1102(3); MCLA 440.2303; MSA 19.2303. See Hayward v. Postma, 31 Mich. App. 720, 723; 188 N.W.2d 31, 32 (1971).
The parties here did not expressly agree on who was to bear the risk of loss. The contract contained no F.O.B. term. See MCLA 440.2319; MSA 19.2319. There was testimony by plaintiff that its goods are sold F.O.B. place of shipment, plaintiff's factory. That testimony might be evidence of a usage of trade. See MCLA 440.1205; MSA 19.1205. It was not proof that the parties had agreed, expressly or in fact, as to who had the risk of loss.
Under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, the "shipment" contract is regarded as the normal one and the "destination" contract as the variant type. The seller is not obligated to deliver at a named destination and bear the concurrent risk of loss until arrival, unless he has specifically agreed so to deliver or the commercial understanding of the terms used by the parties contemplates such delivery. MCLA 440.2503 (Official UCC Comment 5); MSA 19.2503. Thus a contract which contains neither an F.O.B. term nor any other term explicitly allocating loss is a shipment contract.
Defendant argues that since the goods were to be shipped to defendant's place of business in Birmingham, the contract required plaintiff to deliver the goods "at a particular destination". See MCLA 440.2509(1)(b); MSA 19.2509(1)(b). Defendant's position is that "ship to" substitutes for and is equivalent to an F.O.B. term, namely F.O.B. place of destination. But that argument is persuasively refuted by the response that a "ship to" address must be supplied in any case in which carriage is contemplated. Thus a "ship to" term has no significance in determining whether a contract is a shipment or destination contract for risk of loss purposes.
Other buyers have occasionally argued that the "ship to" term made the contract into a destination contract. Courts have properly rejected this argument. See, e.g., Electric Regulator Corp v. Sterling Extruder Corp, 280 F. Supp. 550, 557-558; 4 UCC Rep Serv. 1025, 1032 (D Conn, 1968). See also White Summers, Handbook of the Uniform Commercial Code, pp 140-145.
Since the presumption of a shipment contract controls in this case, the trial court should not have given defendant the $559.03 credit for the lost shipment.
Plaintiff also assigns as error the judge's finding that the parties agreed that defendant would be sole distributor in Michigan of plaintiff's products, viz., truck and trailer body hardware. Plaintiff also asserts that the trial court erred in finding that defendant relied upon the promise, since defendant knew that plaintiff could not prevent others from selling in Michigan and also knew that such a provision was illegal. However, review of the record fails to disclose any evidence supporting the allegation that defendant had such knowledge.
GCR 1963, 517.1, provides that findings of fact by the trial court are not to be set aside unless clearly erroneous. The findings of fact here, on the contrary, were clearly supported by testimony.
Therefore, judgment for defendant is affirmed in part and reversed in part. Defendant's recovery is reduced by $559.03, from $6,315.82 to $5,756.79. No costs, neither party having prevailed in full.
R.M. MAHER, J., concurred.
I concur in Judge GILLIS' resolution of the $559.03 credit issue. Defendant should not have received this credit.
I cannot agree with the balance of the opinion. Defendant counterclaimed for damages for breach of the agreement. This counterclaim was filed October 23, 1970. My reading of this record convinces me that this contract was mutually rescinded February 12, 1969 and all rights and duties thereunder were discharged, 5A Corbin, Contracts, § 1236, pp 533-545.
Furthermore, the record convinces me that defendant never expected to recover the expenses experienced in preparing for and acting as plaintiff's distributor, and, except for plaintiff's suit, no claim therefor ever would have been made. I base this conclusion on the following items contained in the record:
1. Stanley Brown's testimony that such expenses were at the risk of the distributor.
2. His testimony that plaintiff never promised reimbursement for these expenses.
3. Agreeing to rescission without asserting such a claim.
4. Exhibit 7, a letter from defendant to plaintiff's office manager dated July 8, 1969 written in response to a telephone call from the manager requesting payment of defendant's account with plaintiff. In the letter, defendant specifies his expenses on the Eberhard venture for the first time but makes no claim for reimbursement. Rather, these expenses are asserted as a reason for defendant's belief that plaintiff's attempts to collect the account are unjustified.
5. By seeking damages of $5,000 in his counterclaim based on expenses previously specified in the amount of $16,800, see Hesse v. Diehl, 279 Mich. 168, 173; 271 N.W. 721, 722-723 (1937).
I would reverse and remand this cause for entry of a judgment for plaintiff against defendant in the amount of $4,244.18 plus all statutory interest and costs of all courts.