Opinion
A22A0867, A22A0868
08-30-2022
DURHAM v. The STATE.
Steven Alexander Miller, for Appellant. Christopher Allen Armt, District Attorney, Bruce Edward Roberts, Assistant District Attorney, for Appellee.
Steven Alexander Miller, for Appellant.
Christopher Allen Armt, District Attorney, Bruce Edward Roberts, Assistant District Attorney, for Appellee.
Doyle, Presiding Judge. Following a consolidated trial on two indictments, Jason Lee Durham appeals his convictions for two counts of possession of methamphetamine and possession of an illegal weapon. Durham argues that the trial court plainly erred by failing to instruct the jury as to accomplice testimony. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
The State dismissed a theft charge and a charge for possession of a schedule IV substance, and the trial court directed a verdict of acquittal as to a second theft charge.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the record shows that Durham moved into the home of his then girlfriend, Brieanna Foster, in late 2015, and the two used methamphetamine together almost daily. In December 2016, officers arrived at the home to gather information based on a report they received from the drug task force. Foster and her children were preparing for a funeral, and Durham was elsewhere on the property, possibly hunting or riding his four-wheeler. After gaining Foster's consent, the officers searched the property, finding digital scales with suspected methamphetamine residue, ownership of which Foster claimed. Foster was arrested for possession of methamphetamine, which the officers found in an outbuilding of the property where she testified that the pair frequently used the drug. In addition to the methamphetamine, officers discovered a sawed-off shotgun, which Foster testified belonged to Durham. Foster was frustrated that Durham did not come back to the property while police were there arresting her, and she testified that he believed she had called the police on him.
See, e.g., Hawkins v. State , 304 Ga. 299, 300 (1), 818 S.E.2d 513 (2018).
Near the end of January 2017, officers again came to Foster's residence to serve a warrant on Durham, who, along with Foster and another man, had been using methamphetamine the previous night. Officers escorted Foster and one of her children out of the house before searching for Durham, who was in the basement. Foster testified that Durham was checking for a leak under the bathroom, but an officer testified that Durham repeatedly refused to come out after being called by officers.
Foster was arrested again in May 2017, at which time she stayed in jail for approximately five months and entered a drug rehabilitation program for her methamphetamine use. Foster was charged with many of the same crimes as Durham in the instant cases, and she pleaded guilty to one charge of possessing methamphetamine and had other charges nolle prossed the day before trial, receiving probation and agreeing to testify against Durham.
Foster's indictments do not include a charge for possession of the sawed-off shotgun.
An officer from the drug task force testified that in December 2016, the office received an anonymous call regarding drug activity and a possible stolen car at the home, which prompted them to visit the house, where Foster consented to the search. The officer testified that there were multiple items of drug paraphernalia found around the home in December, and some of it was discovered in Durham's car and with his personal paperwork.
At the close of evidence, the trial court instructed the jury that the testimony of a single witness was sufficient to support a finding, but the jury was not instructed as to the necessity of corroboration of a witness's testimony if the witness was also a co-conspirator, OCGA § 24-14-8. The trial court also instructed the jury on the law of constructive possession and joint possession. The jury found Durham guilty of two counts of possession of methamphetamine and one count of possession of an illegal weapon, and the court sentenced Durham to probation. Durham then filed a motion for new trial, which he later amended, and the trial court denied the motion, finding, inter alia, that no plain error occurred when it failed to give the accomplice testimony instruction. Durham appeals, presenting the same argument to this Court.
"In most instances, the testimony of a single witness is sufficient to establish a fact under Georgia law. But that is not so in ‘felony cases where the only witness is an accomplice.’ "
(Citation omitted.) Lewis v. State , 311 Ga. 650, 665 (4), 859 S.E.2d 1 (2021). See also State v. Johnson , 305 Ga. 237, 240, 824 S.E.2d 317 (2019), citing OCGA § 24-14-8 ; Stanbury v. State , 299 Ga. 125, 129-130 (2), 786 S.E.2d 672 (2016) ; Burns v. State , 342 Ga. App. 379, 383 (1), 803 S.E.2d 79 (2017).
[Durham] did not object to the jury charges as given; thus any appellate review of the trial court's instructions is for plain error only.... [T]o establish plain error in regard to jury instructions, the appellant must satisfy the following four prongs: First, there must be an error or defect — some sort of deviation from a legal rule — that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned, i.e., affirmatively waived, by the appellant. Second, the legal error must be clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute. Third, the error must have affected the appellant's substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means he must demonstrate that it affected the outcome of the trial court proceedings. Fourth and finally, if the above three prongs are satisfied, the appellate court has the discretion to remedy the error — discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
(Punctuation and citations omitted.) Palencia v. State , 313 Ga. 625, 627, 872 S.E.2d 681 (2022), quoting State v. Kelly , 290 Ga. 29, 33 (2) (a), 718 S.E.2d 232 (2011), and citing OCGA § 17-8-58 (b).
"An accomplice is someone who shares a common criminal intent with the actual perpetrator of a crime." Because Foster was a testifying co-defendant of Durham, it was erroneous for the trial court to omit the accomplice testimony instruction in light of the fact that it also instructed the jury that the testimony of a single witness was sufficient to support a fact.
Stripling v. State , 304 Ga. 131, 136 (2), 816 S.E.2d 663 (2018), citing Williams v. State , 289 Ga. 672, 673, 715 S.E.2d 76 (2011).
See Palencia , 313 Ga. at 629-630, 872 S.E.2d 681 (explaining that even if there was independent corroborating evidence of the defendant, "the trial court's failure to also charge the jury on the necessity of accomplice corroboration when charging it that the testimony of a single witness is sufficient to establish a fact was clear and obvious error"), collecting cases including Doyle v. State , 307 Ga. 609, 613 (2) (b), 837 S.E.2d 833 (2020) ; Johnson , 305 Ga. at 238, 824 S.E.2d 317 ; Stanbury , 299 Ga. at 130 (2), 786 S.E.2d 672 ; Hamm v. State , 294 Ga. 791, 794-797 (2), 756 S.E.2d 507 (2014).
By failing to give the required accomplice corroboration charge, the trial court impermissibly empowered the jury to find [Durham] guilty based solely on [Foster]’s accomplice testimony. The jury, as the sole arbiter of credibility, was not properly instructed on the manner in which it needed to judge the evidence. As a consequence, because virtually all of the incriminating evidence flowed from [Foster], the outcome of the trial court proceedings was "likely affected" by the trial court's failure to provide an accomplice corroboration charge to the jury, and a proper instruction would likely have resulted in a different verdict.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Johnson , 305 Ga. at 240-241, 824 S.E.2d 317.
Durham argues that all the evidence of his guilt flowed from Foster, and we agree. Although Durham lived at the residence and co-owned one of the vehicles in which methamphetamine was discovered, he was not at the property during the initial search. Moreover, the only evidence of Durham's possession of the shotgun was Foster's testimony. It is true that Durham had access to and control of the contraband as a resident of the house and that his behavior when officers attempted to serve the warrant supports a finding of guilt, and such evidence establishes that there was sufficient corroboration to support a guilty verdict had the appropriate jury instructions been provided. Under
See id. at 241, 824 S.E.2d 317.
Dickerson , 312 Ga. App. 320, 322 (1), 718 S.E.2d 564 (2011), quoting Daugherty v. State , 283 Ga. App. 664, 667 (1) (b), 642 S.E.2d 345 (2007).
See Harris v. State , 313 Ga. 225, 231 (3), 869 S.E.2d 461 (2022) ("the fact of an accused's flight, escape from custody, resistance to arrest, concealment, assumption of a false name, and related conduct, are admissible as evidence of consciousness of guilt"), quoting United States v. Borders , 693 F.2d 1318, 1324 (II) (11th Cir. 1982) ; Parks v. State , 304 Ga. 313, 315 (1) (a), 818 S.E.2d 502 (2018) ("[w]hile mere presence at the scene of a crime is not sufficient evidence to convict one of being a party to a crime, criminal intent may be inferred from presence, companionship, and conduct before, during and after the offense") (citation and punctuation omitted); Sims v. State , 306 Ga. App. 68, 70 (1), 701 S.E.2d 534 (2010) (same).
these circumstances, [however,] if a conviction could be affirmed in spite of the trial court erroneously providing a witness testimony instruction wholly opposite to an accomplice corroboration charge, an accused would have no way of knowing whether the jury secured his conviction through permissible means. In effect, laws and jury charges requiring accomplice corroboration would be meaningless.
(Punctuation omitted.) Johnson , 305 Ga. at 241, 824 S.E.2d 317, quoting Stanbury , 299 Ga. at 131 (2), 786 S.E.2d 672. See also Doyle , 307 Ga. at 613-614 (2) (b), 837 S.E.2d 833 (reversing for failure to give accomplice testimony instruction because accomplice testified to defendant's involvement in a robbery). Compare Hamm , 294 Ga. at 797-798 (2), 756 S.E.2d 507 (holding that although it was erroneous for the trial court to omit the accomplice testimony instruction, reversal was not required because it was unlikely the verdict would have been different); Dickerson , 312 Ga. App. at 321 (1), 323 (3) (b), 718 S.E.2d 564 (holding that it was unlikely that the failure to give the accomplice testimony instruction was harmful error because of the evidence of equal access to the contraband).
Accordingly, the trial court erred by denying the motion for new trial as to this issue.
Judgments reversed.
Reese, J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E. Phipps concur.