Opinion
Civ. No. 2655.
April 28, 1924.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Colusa County. Ernest Weyand, Judge. Affirmed.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Frank Freeman and George R. Freeman for Appellants.
Arthur C. Huston and Arthur C. Huston, Jr., for Respondents.
Plaintiffs, the surviving wife and children of Jesse D. Duffield, deceased, were given judgment for damages in the sum of ten thousand dollars for the death of the latter, alleged to have been caused by the negligence of defendants in the operation of a railroad train upon which he was a passenger. The defendants have appealed.
Appellants contend that they are entitled to a reversal of the judgment on the following grounds: (1) That the evidence does not show negligence on the part of defendants; (2) That it shows contributory negligence on the part of deceased; (3) That the court erred in refusing certain proposed instructions; (4) That the verdict is excessive.
The evidence shows that Harrington and Coyle are flag stations at which there are no buildings or lights, the latter being a mile north of the former. Deceased was a passenger on the northbound train from Sacramento to Coyle. He had purchased a ticket to Harrington only, as tickets were not being sold to Coyle. He requested the conductor to let him off at Coyle instead of Harrington and the latter agreed to do so, there being no other passenger for either place. The accident occurred shortly after 9 o'clock at night. It was dark at that time. The weather was clear. The train passed Harrington at a speed of thirty-five miles an hour. Immediately thereafter the brakeman signaled the engineer to stop at Coyle and then walked from the rear to the center of the smoker, in which deceased was riding, and announced that the next station was Coyle. He then went to the rear platform. Duffield followed and stood in the door, with one foot probably on the platform. While standing there he said "something about being home soon" and the brakeman replied, "Yes." No other conversation was had between them. In the vestibule, at the side of the car door, was a guard-rail which stood in a perpendicular position when the vestibule door was closed and was lowered to a horizontal position when it was opened. When so lowered the guard-rail served to hold the vestibule door open and as a hand-rail for passengers boarding or alighting from the car. On reaching the platform the brakeman opened the vestibule and trap-doors and lowered the guard-rail to the horizontal position. While the guard-rail was being let down "Duffield had his hand on it." He did not remove his hand but "let it slide right down." When last seen prior to the accident he had hold of this guard-rail. What occurred thereafter can best be told in the language of the brakeman, who testified: "I turned around and stepped across to the vestibule (of the next car to the rear), about six feet, and picked up my lantern, and as I turned around and stepped back, I just saw a glimpse of an object disappearing out the doorway, and I pulled the signal for the engineer to stop, and when we did, we picked up Mr. Duffield where he was lying there by the track." The train was brought to a stop in about ten car lengths. The signal given was not an emergency signal but a stop signal. When the signal to stop at Coyle was given the engineer shut off steam, allowing the train to drift, and then "made a light application of the air, five or six pounds, to take up the slack in the brakes and gradually reduced the speed" to about twenty-five miles an hour within a quarter of a mile. It was constantly decreasing from that time on. At the time the second signal was given the train was within about one hundred rods of Coyle. The track was in good condition. There was no "jar or jerk" of the train at any time. The vestibules of both cars were lighted. The light was shining on the steps but it was not strong enough for the brakeman to recognize the object which he saw disappearing through the door.
The conductor who had charge of the train testified as follows: "There is no laid down rule in regard to opening the trap doors. Q. Well, what instructions if any did the brakeman have? A. To open the door as conveniently to the station as they can. Q. Well, what about guarding them? A. Guarding them as much as they can. Q. And is it a question of guarding them as much as they can, or guarding the trap door while open? A. Well, it is as much as you can." The brakeman testified: "Q. What duties were you given in connection with the operation of this train? A. Protecting the train and announcing stations. . . . Q. What was your duty in regard to opening and closing these trap doors and the vestibule of the car? A. Approaching a station, to open it. Q. And close them when? A. After leaving the station. Q. And what, if any, were your duties with reference to guarding these trap doors while open? A. Well, when it was possible to stay there and look after them. Q. And did you receive instructions with reference to these trap doors under any rule? A. No, sir. Q. And who gave you your instructions? A. There were no instructions given us. . . . Q. Well then, how did you learn that it was your duty to guard these doors in the manner in which you have described. A. Well, it was a matter of 'safety first.' Q. . . . In calling your station and giving the signal after you left Harrington, was that the usual way of stopping the train for Coyle? A. Yes, sir. . . . Q. And no greater distance between the time of giving that signal that night than any other night? A. Just the same."
The deceased was seventy-four years of age at the time of his death. "He was in perfect health, . . . perfectly active; did more work than most of the young men are doing nowadays." He had full use of all his faculties. His eyesight was very good. He was not weakened from age in the way of handling himself and walked vigorously. He had been accustomed to alight from the train at Coyle and had alighted there several times at night.
[1] No presumption of negligence arises from mere proof of injury or death of a person while a passenger. ( Rystinki v. Central California T. Co., 175 Cal. 336, 344 [ 165 P. 952]; Steele v. Pacific Electric Ry. Co., 168 Cal. 375, 379 [ 143 P. 718].)
In the absence of a rule or custom to keep vestibule doors closed or guarded while trains are in motion, it has generally been held that mere proof of an open and unguarded vestibule door during the time a train is slowing down for the purpose of stopping at a station is not sufficient to establish negligence on the part of a carrier or to constitute an invitation to passengers to alight while the train is in motion. In Baltimore O. S. R. Co. v. Mullen, 217 Ill. 203, [2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 115, 75 N.E. 474], it is said: "If there had been nothing more than the calling of the name of the station, or the fastening back of the vestibule doors, it could not be said that the appellee was invited by an employee of the company to alight." It was held, however, that when these facts were considered in connection with other circumstances shown by the evidence, the question of the company's negligence was for the jury. In Union Pac. R. Co. v. Brown, 73 Kan. 233 [84 P. 1026], it is said: "It is necessary to the efficient and orderly conduct of the business of carrying passengers in vestibuled railway coaches and necessary for the convenience and accommodation of the passengers that the vestibules be opened before the stopping of trains at stations and, as the practice does not expose the passengers to any considerable danger, the opening of a vestibule at any time after the usual call for a station is not, under ordinary circumstances, and was not in this case, per se negligence." In Gayle's Admr. v. Louisville N. R. Co., 163 Ky. 459 [173 S.W. 1113], the court said: "The announcement of the station and the opening of the doors did not constitute an invitation to alight until the train stopped." The case of Illinois C. R. Co. v. Dallas, 150 Ky. 442 [150 S.W. 536], is to the same effect. In Elger v. Boston Elevated Ry. Co., 226 Mass. 84 [ 115 N.E. 242], in affirming a judgment for defendant, it is said: "On the facts disclosed, the opening of the door and the announcement of the name of the next stop, plainly did not constitute an invitation to the plaintiff to alight from a moving car." To the same effect is the case of Hooker v. Blair, 189 Mich. 278 [155 N.W. 364]. In Pagnini v. North Jersey St. Ry. Co., 69 N.J.L. 60 [54 A. 218], it was held that the mere opening of the gate before the car comes to a stop "will not raise a presumption of actionable negligence." In Mearns v. Central R. Co., 163 N.Y. 108 [ 57 N.E. 292], the facts were similar to those in the instant case, except that there was no evidence relative to any rule or custom to guard the vestibule doors when they were open while the train was moving. The trial court rendered judgment in favor of defendant. The judgment was affirmed on appeal. Had the verdict and judgment in this case been in favor of defendants, an affirmance would be necessary, because the finding of a court or jury, based upon evidence from which opposing inferences may reasonably be drawn, is conclusive on appeal. In Blue Grass Traction Co. v. Skillman, 31 Ky. Law Rep. 480 [102 S.W. 809], in which a judgment against the company was affirmed, the proof showed other circumstances indicating negligence in addition to proof of calling the station and then opening the door while the car was in motion. It was held that such proof was sufficient to show that the conductor knew of the passenger's danger, "or by the exercise of ordinary care should have known it, and negligently failed to warn her of the danger."
[2] The decisions are to the effect that where, to the knowledge of a passenger, it is a rule of a common carrier, or a custom of those in charge of its trains, to keep the vestibules closed or guarded at all times while the trains are in motion, an open and unguarded vestibule is in the nature of an invitation to such passenger to alight, if he have occasion to do so, and an assurance that he may alight with safety, the passenger, of course, being held to the exercise of ordinary care for his own safety, notwithstanding the open vestibules. The doctrine is analogous to that applying to open gates at railroad crossings. "The defendant was not bound to have the car vestibuled; but, having done so, it could not by acts and words lead its passengers to believe that the doors of the vestibule would be kept closed between stations, and then negligently leave them open, without incurring liability to passengers injured thereby." ( Crandall v. Minneapolis etc. Ry. Co., 96 Minn. 434 [113 Am. St. Rep. 653, 2 L.R.A. (N.S.) 645, 105 N.W. 185]; Rivers v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 80 N.J.L. 217 [83 A. 883].) "It was the custom, of which plaintiff was aware, for the motorman not to open the doors to permit passengers to alight until the car had come to a full stop. . . . Plaintiff had a right to rely upon the custom shown in evidence." ( Tillery v. Harvey (Mo.), 214 S.W. 246.) This case is cited in Kirby v. United Rys. Co. (Mo.), 242 S.W. 79, where it is said: "It has been held that the opening of a vestibuled door after a car had slowed down for a stop, but while moving very slowly, and before it had come to a full stop, was an invitation to alight, where, on account of darkness and other conditions, a passenger was misled thereby." In Ferrell v. Washington Water Power Co., 83 Wn. 319 [145 P. 442], in reversing a judgment of nonsuit, it is said: "Assuming that it is a matter of common knowledge of a passenger that the gates of a pay-as-you-enter car are closed while it is in motion, we think it would be going too far to hold that the opening of the door was not an invitation to appellant to pass out of the car, or at least to step down into the vestibule."
[3] The conductor testified that the brakemen were instructed to guard the trap-doors when open "as much as they can." The brakeman testified that it was his duty "when it was possible to stay there and look after them." The evidence shows that Duffield had frequently traveled on defendants' trains. It is a fair inference that he was familiar with the custom, or practice, of guarding the vestibule doors when open. The train was to stop in the dark at a mere siding where there were no buildings or lights from the observance of which a passenger could perceive that the train was moving. Only one passenger was to alight. There was but one door to open and guard. No duty of the brakeman called him elsewhere. Under such circumstances, to guard the door as much as he could, or as much as was possible, would be to guard it during all the time it was open. [4] On that occasion the brakeman clearly did not follow instructions. The engineer had shut off steam and the train was smoothly drifting towards the siding, the movement thereof probably being imperceptible to Duffield. The brakeman knew, according to his own testimony, when the train passed Harrington, and the natural inference is that Duffield did not, there being no buildings or lights there, and it being a matter of common knowledge that passengers usually rely upon the announcement of their stations by the brakemen. His judgment was not so accurate as that of the experienced brakeman as to the length of time required for the slowing train to reach Coyle after the station was announced. While the light in the vestibule was sufficient to enable one to see the steps, a fair inference is that it was not strong enough to make the adjacent ground visible, because it was too dim for the brakeman to distinguish the object which he saw disappear out the door. The two men did not have equal knowledge of the situation. The brakeman was bound to the exercise of the highest degree of care and foresight for the safety of the passenger. The latter was bound only to the exercise of ordinary care. When the brakeman, knowing that Duffield was standing with his hand on the guard-rail, ready to go down the steps to alight, opened the vestibule doors and then turned and walked back to the vestibule of the next car, it was most natural for Duffield, if he believed that the train had stopped, to interpret the acts of the brakeman as an invitation to alight.
It cannot be said as a matter of law that the acts and omissions of the brakeman, under the foregoing circumstances, do not warrant the inference that he was negligent or that the conduct of Duffield was free from negligence. "When it can be affirmed that all reasonable men would agree as to the quality of an act in respect of its being either negligent or prudent, the court may give effect to such consensus of opinion and direct a verdict in accordance therewith. The direction is given, not because it is the judge's opinion alone, but because the judge is able to say that it is also the opinion that all reasonable men would entertain of the question. If there is doubt as to whether all reasonable men would draw the same conclusion from the evidence, then the question must be submitted to the twelve reasonable men appointed by the Constitution to determine disputed or doubtful questions of fact." ( Brown v. Oakes, 76 Fed. 734 [22 C.C.A. 520].)
The jury may have concluded, and reasonably so, that when the brakeman turned to pick up his lantern, after opening the doors, he should have anticipated that Duffield might be misled into the belief that the train had stopped and that he should have warned Duffield not to attempt to alight. "The carrier owes to the passenger the duty of protection during transportation. . . . This duty of care involves warning of danger so far as such warning may enable the passenger to protect himself against an injury which might be anticipated in the exercise of a high degree of care and foresight, and the carrier will be liable for an injury which might have been avoided if due warning had been given. . . . There is no duty, however, to warn a passenger of his danger where the conditions which constitute the danger are as observable by him and apparently as obvious to him as to the employees of the carrier." (10 C. J. 910.) The conditions which constituted the danger to which Duffield was exposed were not "as observable by him and apparently as obvious to him as to the employees." The plaintiffs were under the necessity of relying entirely upon the testimony of the trainmen, defendants in the action, to prove negligence, a fact which was probably given due consideration by the jury in weighing the evidence.
It is contended that the court erred in refusing to give two instructions proposed by defendants. [5] All the propositions contained therein had been repeatedly stated in instructions given, except the following: "If, after considering all the evidence before you, your minds are still in a state of reasonable uncertainty as to whether plaintiffs are entitled to recover, your verdict must be for the defendant." The requested instruction is a copy of one approved in Green v. Birmingham Ry. Light Power Co., 187 Ala. 508 [65 So. 781]. Whether or not the instruction is a correct statement of law, it would tend to mislead the jury into the belief that plaintiffs were required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt. If correct as applied to the question whether a plaintiff has made out a prima facie case, it does not follow that it would be correct as applied to conflicting evidence, where a prima facie case has been made. ( People v. Miller, 171 Cal. 649, 653, [ 154 P. 468].) The defendants herein alleged that Duffield was guilty of contributory negligence. If the jurors found that the defendants were negligent, but their minds were "in a state of reasonable uncertainty" as to whether Duffield also was negligent, then the instruction would have required them to reverse the rule as to burden of proof of contributory negligence and return a verdict for defendants, notwithstanding the latter's negligence. In any event, the jury was fully instructed as to the proof necessary to entitle the plaintiffs to a verdict. Among others, the following instructions were given at the request of defendants: "A recovery of damages against the defendant in this case can only be had when after a careful consideration of all evidence before you, plaintiffs have satisfied you by a preponderance of such evidence that the death of the deceased was the result of the negligence of the defendant. . . . The burden of such proof is upon plaintiffs, and must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence, otherwise your verdict must be for defendants."
[6] The deceased was of the age of seventy-four years and two months at the time of his death. The expectancy of life of a man of that age is nearly seven years. Mr. Duffield was in perfect health, vigorous and active. "Never had a real sick spell" in forty-six years. "Did more work than most of the young men are doing." From the condition of his health at the time of his death, the jury may have believed that Duffield's expectancy of life was more than seven years. He and his wife were living on a forty-acre farm, of which six acres were in four year old almond trees. He was raising twenty to twenty-five head of cattle and a few hogs. He did his own work and supported his family. His wife, one of the plaintiffs, who had lived with him as such for forty-six years, was of the age of sixty-six years at the time of his death. There was no direct proof, in terms of money, of the annual earnings of deceased or of the amount expended by him in support of his family. In estimating the pecuniary loss suffered by the plaintiffs the jury had the right to include the value of the society, comfort and protection of deceased of which they were deprived. In actions of this character "such damages may be given as under all the circumstances of the case may be just." (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 377.) While the amount of the judgment is large, it cannot be said that the damages awarded are so excessive as to warrant a reduction thereof on appeal or a reversal of the judgment.
The judgment is affirmed.
Hart, J., and Plummer, J., concurred.
A petition by appellants to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on June 26, 1924.