E.g., Withrow v. Larkin, supra, 421 U.S. 35, 47, and Gibson v. Berryhill (1973) 411 U.S. 564, 579 (both acknowledging that the constitutional rules requiring the disqualification of judges for financial interest also apply to administrative hearing officers). Brown v. Vance (5th Cir. 1981) 637 F.2d 272; Doss v. Long (N.D.Ga. 1985) 629 F. Supp. 127, 129; State ex rel. McLeod v. Crowe (S.C. 1978) 249 S.E.2d 772, 776-777, 778; State ex rel. Shrewsbury v. Poteet (W.Va. 1974) 202 S.E.2d 628, 631-632. When due process requires a hearing, the adjudicator must be impartial.
Second, she contends that he was operating within an unconstitutional "fee system" then in operation in Georgia. This Court struck down this fee system in Georgia as unconstitutional in Doss v. Long, 629 F. Supp. 127, 130 (N.D.Ga. 1985). Respondent contends that the instant claim presents only a Fourth Amendment claim precluded from federal habeas review by Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 96 S.Ct. 3037, 49 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1976).
However, the key to this issue is the presence or absence of judicial power. Doss v. Long, 629 F. Supp. 127, 129 (N.D.Ga. 1985) (holding Brown and Tumey does not tolerate "system(s) giving a judge a personal stake in the outcome"); see also In re Ross, 99 Nev. 1, 656 P.2d 832, 838-40 (1983) (holding Tumey barred administrative agencies with quasi-judicial power from acting with financial interest in outcome). The circuit clerk has no judicial power.