Opinion
April 30, 1925.
October 6, 1925.
Shipping receipt — Route — Terminal delivery — Line haul.
Under the provisions of the Act of Congress of August 21, 1919, (U.S. Compiled Statutes, section 8583), a shipper at the time of the delivery of his property to a railroad company has the right to designate in writing by which route the property shall be transported to destination. It thereupon becomes the duty of the initial carrier "to route said property and issue a through bill of lading therefor as so directed, and to transport said property over its own line or lines, and deliver the same to a connecting line or lines according to such through route, and it shall be the duty of each of said connecting carriers to receive said property and transport it over the said line or lines and deliver the same to the next succeeding carrier or consignee according to the routing instructions in said bill of lading." In the absence of specific instructions to that effect, a route named in a shipping receipt or bill of lading does not refer solely to a terminal delivery, but is intended to include a line haul.
Practice C.P. — Affidavit of defense — Insufficient averment.
An averment in an affidavit of defense, after stating that the word "Erie," in connection with the routing instructions on the shipping receipt, only meant the final delivery road, alleged "that plaintiff was so informed and well knew that to be the case when defendant delivered the above shipping receipts to plaintiff at the said shipping point." Such averment does not amount to a specific statement that the defendant's agent at the time of shipping notified plaintiff's agent that in specifying the route via Erie Railroad it was only intended to apply to terminal delivery. The averment should have been stated with such clearness as to leave no doubt of the meaning, rather than use a hazy expression which might easily be understood to apply only to the plaintiff's general knowledge and opinion as to the alleged import of the term. The agents who acted for the plaintiff and defendant respectively in the conversation and the agreement should have been definitely named or the failure to do so satisfactorily explained.
Appeal No. 126 April T., 1925, by plaintiff from order of C.P. Allegheny County, January T., 1923, No. 3017, in the case of James C. Davis, Director General of Railroads, v. Kehota Mining Company.
Before PORTER, HENDERSON, TREXLER, KELLER, LINN and GAWTHROP, JJ. Reversed.
Assumpsit to recover freight undercharges. Before ROWAND, J.
Rule for judgment for want of a sufficient affidavit of defense.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Superior Court.
The court discharged the rule. Plaintiff appealed.
Error assigned was the decree of the court.
James M. Graham, and with him Patterson, Crawford, Miller and Arensberg, for appellant. — The shipping directions given precluded movement over any route other than the Erie: Homer Lumber Company v. Southern Railway Company, 39 I.C.C. 760; Bruner Co. v. Southern Railway Company, 40 I.C.C. 549; United Paperboard Company v. Norristown and Erie Railroad Company, 61 I.C.C. 483; Baker-Wakefield Cyprus Co. v. T. P. Ry., 37 I.C.C. 546. The averment that the plaintiff knew that the words "Route Erie" meant that the Erie was the delivering carrier was insufficient: 10 Corpus Juris 191.
Harry S. Dunmire, and with him Horace F. Baker, for appellee, cited: Gross v. Director General, as Agent, Erie Railroad Co. et. al., 53 I.C.C. 429; Stock Sons v. L.S. M.S. Ry. Co., 31 I.C.C. 150, 153; Lake Charles Rice Milling Co. v. L.W.R.R. Co., 69 I.C.C. 508, 513; Midland Linseed Products Company v. Director General, as Agent, Erie Railroad Co. et. al., 77 I.C.C. 242.
Argued April 30, 1925.
This is an action of assumpsit brought by the Director General of Railroads against Kehota Mining Company to recover the unpaid freight charges on six carloads of coal shipped from Baird's Mine, New Straitsville, Ohio, over the Hocking Valley Railroad, consigned to the City of Cleveland, Division Street Pumping Station, Cleveland, Ohio. The plaintiff's statement avers — and it is not denied in the affidavit of defense, — that defendant, as consignor, gave plaintiff written shipping receipts for the aforesaid cars of coal containing shipping instructions to route the cars via Erie Railroad; and the shipping receipts attached to the plaintiff's statement contain the following:
— ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CONSIGNEE | DESTINATION | ROUTE | RATE City of Cleveland, Div. St. Pump Sta. | Cleveland, Ohio | Erie | — ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plaintiff averred that pursuant to said instructions said cars had been shipped over the Hocking Valley Railroad to Marion, Ohio, the junction point with the Erie Railroad, and thence over the Erie Railroad to destination. It is not disputed that the rate charged by plaintiff was the legal and proper freight charge for the shipments over the route adopted, as per tariffs on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Defendant, in its affidavit of defense, contended that plaintiff should have shipped the cars over a shorter route, to wit: Hocking Valley Railroad to Columbus, Ohio; thence over C.C.C. St. L. Railroad (Big Four) to Cleveland; thence by Erie Railroad to the Division Street Pumping Station; averring that "the word `Erie' [on said shipping receipts] does not mean intermediate routing, but only means, and at the times of the said shipment meant, the final delivering road, and that plaintiff was so informed and well knew that to be the case when defendant delivered the above shipping receipts to plaintiff at the said shipping point." On the strength of this averment the court below refused judgment for want of a sufficient affidavit of defense.
The Act of Congress regulating interstate commerce, in force at the time of shipment, August 21-27, 1919, (Act of February 4, 1887, as amended by Acts of June 29, 1906, June 18, 1910, and August 9, 1917) provides in section 15 (Barnes Federal Code, section 7904; U.S. Comp. Stat., section 8583), that the shipper at the time of delivery of the property to the railroad shall have the right to designate in writing by which route the property shall be transported to destination, and it shall thereupon be the duty of the initial carrier "to route said property and issue a through bill of lading therefor as so directed, and to transport said property over its own line or lines, and deliver the same to a connecting line or lines according to such through route, and it shall be the duty of each of said connecting carriers to receive said property and transport it over the said line or lines and deliver the same to the next succeeding carrier or consignee according to the routing instructions in said bill of lading." It is clear that the act of Congress in providing that the shipper may designate the route over which the property is to be transported does not refer to the "final delivering road," but used the word in its ordinary sense, "The course or way which is to be traveled" (Webster). It would also seem that the route set up by the defendant in its affidavit of defense as the one which should have been adopted by the plaintiff would not be a routing by the Erie Railroad, but a routing by the Big Four Railroad to Cleveland, the place of destination, with a switching operation over the Erie Railroad to consignee at point of delivery; for such would have been the effect if defendant had instructed plaintiff to route the cars by the Big Four Railroad. In Missouri Pac. R. Co. v. Reynolds-Davis Grocery Co., (___ U.S. ___), Adv. Ops. June 15, 1925, P.L. 627, a carload of sugar shipped from Raceland, La., to Fort Smith, Ark., was lost while in the possession of the St. Louis San Francisco Railroad. The court said (BRANDEIS, J.): "The joint through rate covered delivery at the warehouse of the consignee. The bill of lading named Morgan's Louisiana Texas Railroad and Steamship Co. as the initial carrier and the route designated therein named the Missouri Pacific as the last of the connecting carriers. Its lines enter Fort Smith but do not extend to the consignee's warehouse. It employed the St. Louis San Francisco to perform the necessary switching service. And it paid therefor $6.30, the charge fixed by the tariff on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission. The switching carrier was not named in the bill of lading and did not receive any part of the joint through rate. It was simply the agent of the Missouri Pacific for the purpose of delivery. The Missouri Pacific was the delivering carrier and is liable as such." In Fechheimer Steel Iron Co. v. Penna. R. Co., 51 I.C.C. 183, the shipment was delivered to the Pennsylvania Railroad at Rahway, N.J., consigned to Lebanon, Pa. "Route, P. R.," with no rate or junction point inserted in the shipping receipt or bill of lading — just as in this case. The complainant urged before the Interstate Commerce Commission that the shipment should have been carried by the Pennsylvania Railroad over its own and subsidiary line (Cornwall Lebanon Railroad) to Lebanon, and there switched over to Philadelphia Reading Railway for delivery — a shorter and less expensive haul than that used, — but the commission ruled otherwise, saying: "We are of opinion that the notation in the bill of lading `P. R.' indicated clearly that a line haul over the Reading was desired and this, therefore, placed the Pennsylvania under the obligation of turning the shipment over to the Reading at its junction with that line." So also, in Prentiss v. Penna. R. Co., 19 I.C.C. 68, the notation by the consignor on a bill of lading of the letters "D.L. W.R.R." in the blank intended for the naming of the route on a shipment from Philadelphia to Buffalo, was interpreted by the Commission to require the defendant to deliver the car to the Lackawanna Railroad at Manunka Chunk, the first point of junction, and the instructions were not satisfied by a mere delivery at Buffalo on the terminal of the latter line. The Commission held that otherwise the note should be "for delivery only," p. 69. In United Paper Board Co. v. N. E.R. Co., 61 I.C.C. 483, the route specified by the shipper was, Morris Essex — D., L. W. — and Central of N.J. The shipper complained to the commission because by the route adopted the haul was longer than if the D., L. W. had carried the shipment to the place of destination, using the Central Railroad of N.J. only for a switch movement of one and one-half miles to delivery point of consignee. But the commission said: "The shipper's direction in the bills of lading to route the shipments C.R.R. authorized movement over a route which would afford the Central a line haul: Fechheimer Iron Steel Co. v. P.R.R., 51 I.C.C. 183. The lighterage and switching service of the Central from Hoboken is a terminal service and the shipments were not misrouted," p. 484. For the same reason this plaintiff was justified in construing the direction in the shipping receipt to route the shipments via Erie Railroad as authorizing movement over a route which would afford the Erie a line haul instead of only a switching service of a few miles within the limits of the City of Cleveland. That the ordinary routing as specified in a shipping receipt or bill of lading is different from mere terminal routing or delivery is obvious from Interstate Commerce Commission Conference Ruling No. 321, in force since 1911, which provides, inter alia, "In order to secure desired delivery to industries, plants or warehouses and avoid unnecessary terminal or switching charges, the shipper may direct as to terminal routing or delivery of shipments which are to go beyond the lines of the initial carriers; and his instructions as to such terminal delivery must be observed in routing and billing such shipments." As was pointed out by the commission in Prentiss v. P.R.R., supra, if the defendant desired the shipment to go by the Erie Railroad for terminal delivery only, instead of for at least a part of the haul, it should have given instructions on the shipping receipt for terminal routing and delivery by the Erie. It is only in the absence of specific routing instructions to the contrary that the shipper is entitled to have his shipment moved over the cheapest available route: Midland Linseed Products Co. v. Erie R. Co., 77 I.C.C. 242, 243. If the shipper directs the longer route the railroad is bound to follow directions; and as the owner of the goods shipped has the right of diversion in transit and may direct and receive a delivery at an intermediate point along the designated route, it is necessary for the railroad to follow the routing instructions, even though not the shortest haul, as otherwise the diversion privilege may be seriously interfered with to the shipper's loss and damage: Va. S.W.R. Co. v. Sutherland, 197 S.W. 863 (Tenn.); Napoli v. Erie R. Co., 165 N.Y. Supp. 206; McCullough v. M.P. Ry., 160 P. 214 (Kan.); Minn., St. P. S.S.M. Ry. Co. v. Reeves Coal Co., 181 N.W. 335 (Minn.), 14 A.L.R. 405. We are, therefore, of opinion that in the absence of specific instructions to that effect, a route named in a shipping receipt or bill of lading does not refer solely to terminal delivery but is intended to include a line haul. In St. Louis S.F.R. Co. v. Bondies, 166 P. 179 (Okla.), the shipment was routed from Durant, Okla., to Alexandria, La., by way of "Rock Island railroad and Rock Island delivery." In Minn., St. P. S.S.M. Ry. Co. v. Reeves Coal Co., supra, the route named was via L. N., Big Four, Ann Arbor, and Soo Rys. The shipment was misrouted in being delivered by Big Four directly to the Soo Railway. In Carney v. Director General, 68 I.C.C. 199, the route named was "Erie," which was not the terminal carrier.
Does the averment in the affidavit of defense, — after stating that the word "Erie," in connection with the routing instructions on the shipping receipt, only meant the final delivery road — "that plaintiff was so informed and well knew that to be the case when defendant delivered the above shipping receipts to plaintiff at said shipping point," amount to a specific statement that the defendant's agent at the time of shipping the six cars in question notified plaintiff's agent in charge of the Hocking Valley Railroad at New Straitsville, that in specifying the route via Erie Railroad it was only intended to apply to terminal delivery of the coal at the City's Division Street Pumping Station? We think not. It does not say so in terms although it would have been a very easy matter to have so expressed it. It seems to us, rather, to be an intentionally vague way of expressing the conclusion above referred to — and found not to be in accord with a correct construction of the act of Congress — that the use of a single railroad in routing instructions was equivalent to directions for a mere terminal routing or delivery and that the plaintiff had knowledge and was aware of such interpretation. If defendant referred to a definite conversation and agreement between its agent and the agent of the plaintiff with respect to the meaning of the words "Route — Erie" it should have been stated in the affidavit of defense with such clearness as to leave no doubt of the meaning, rather than use a hazy expression which may easily be understood as applying only to the plaintiff's general knowledge and information of the alleged import of the term; and if so, the agents who acted for the plaintiff and defendant respectively in this conversation and agreement should have been definitely stated or the failure to do so satisfactorily explained: Miner-Hilliard Milling Co. v. Rosato, 81 Pa. Super. 94; Folsom Real Estate Co. v. Esmark, 38 Pa. Super. 580; Heyser Lumber Co. v. Whiting Lumber Co., 62 Pa. Super. 76.
On full consideration of the case we are of opinion that the affidavit of defense is clearly insufficient and that the plaintiff was entitled to judgment by reason thereof.
The assignment of error is sustained, the order is reversed and the record is remitted to the court below with directions to enter judgment against the defendant for such sum as to right and justice may belong, unless other legal or equitable cause be shown to the said court why such judgment should not be so entered.