Opinion
July 13, 1993
Appeal from the Supreme Court, First Department.
Plaintiff was a painting subcontractor to defendant, the general contractor on four construction projects. Plaintiff sued to recover the balance due for work performed under the subcontracts, but defendant claimed that payment to the defendant by the owner was a condition precedent to plaintiff's right to receive payment as specifically provided under the subcontracts. The owner filed for bankruptcy and has not made full and final payment to the defendant.
The leading case addressing this issue (Schuler-Haas Elec. Corp. v. Aetna Cas. Sur. Co., 49 A.D.2d 60, affd 40 N.Y.2d 883) concerned an action to recover on a payment bond issued by the defendant surety on behalf of a general contractor, in favor of the subcontractors. The Court stated (49 A.D.2d, supra, at 64): "There is no doubt that if the parties clearly expressed an intention that no subcontractor (as the plaintiff) should have a right to be paid or to sue on the payment bond until all questions relating to the contracts have been resolved and the owner has made his final payment due under the contract to the general contractor, such agreement would be binding, and it would constitute a condition precedent to plaintiff's action against the surety. Questions presented to us on these appeals are whether the documents in this case show such intent, or to the contrary, whether it may be held as a matter of law that the parties did not mean to create a condition precedent to payment."
In Schuler-Haas, the contract provided that payment was due from the general contractor to the subcontractor "`when full payment for this subcontract work is received [by the general contractor] from the Owner.'" (Supra, at 63.) Applying the above quoted test, the Appellate Division determined that the contract did not create a condition precedent, but merely fixed a reasonable time within which payment must be made. The Court of Appeals, finding no express language to the contrary in the written document, agreed with the Appellate Division's construction ( 40 N.Y.2d 883, supra).
The front page of each purchase order in the instant case contains the following language in capital letters: "SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS ON THE REVERSE SIDE AND MADE PART HEREOF." This prominent notice was sufficient as a matter of law to call plaintiff's attention and to bind plaintiff to those terms and conditions, especially since plaintiff had four opportunities to review those terms and conditions (see, Gillman v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 73 N.Y.2d 1). Paragraph 14 on the reverse side of the four purchase orders, each of which was signed by the plaintiff's president, provides as here pertinent: "Payment of purchaser [defendant] by Owner shall be a condition precedent to Vendor's [plaintiff's] right to receive payment hereunder." The Civil Court held that plaintiff had a right to be paid by defendant even though defendant was not paid by the owner, because payment by the owner was not intended to be a condition precedent to plaintiff's right to payment, and the Appellate Term unanimously agreed, affirming the summary judgment in plaintiff's favor for reasons stated by the Civil Court.
We unanimously reverse. The language of the subcontracts could hardly express more clearly that payment by the owner to defendant was a condition precedent to plaintiff's right to receive payment under the subcontracts, and the resolution of this appeal is thus governed by the principles articulated in Schuler-Haas (49 A.D.2d, supra, at 64). Although no New York court has ruled on the construction to be given to the particular language here at issue, two courts in Maryland have ruled that contract language almost identical to that presented herein created a condition precedent as a matter of law (Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Brisk Waterproofing Co., 86 Md. App. 21, 585 A.2d 248; Architectural Sys. v. Gilbane Bldg. Co., 760 F. Supp. 79 [D Md 1991]). The provision in those cases stated: "`It is specifically understood and agreed that the payment to the subcontractors is dependent, as a condition precedent, upon the contractor receiving contract payments, including retainer from the Owner'." (86 Md. App., supra, at 24, 585 A.2d, supra, at 249; 760 F Supp, supra, at 80.) Perhaps it might have been more prudent for defendant to have added, as "insurance" against misconstruction, such as occurred here, contractual language to the effect that "`The Subcontractor hereby acknowledges that it relies on the credit of the Owner, not the Contractor, for payment of its work,'" as was provided in the contract at issue in Crown Plastering Corp. v. Elite Assocs. ( 166 A.D.2d 495, 496), but there is no principle of contract law that requires the parties to define their rights redundantly.
When commercial parties expressly agree that a specified occurrence shall be a condition precedent to the creation or enforceability of a right or obligation, and there is no ambiguity arising out of other language in their contract, the only question for the court is whether the condition precedent has been complied with (see, Matter of Niagara Frontier Transp. Auth. v. Computer Sciences Corp., 179 A.D.2d 1037). Since the condition precedent to plaintiff's right to receive payment under the subcontracts did not take place, without fault on defendant's part, plaintiff was not entitled to summary judgment; rather defendant's cross motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint should have been granted.
Concur — Murphy, P.J., Sullivan, Carro, Kupferman and Rubin, JJ.