Opinion
Docket No. 46745.
Decided March 3, 1981.
Starr Cornell, for plaintiff.
Dilley, Dewey Waddell (by Jonathan S. Damon), for defendant on appeal.
Plaintiff, a deputy sheriff for Isabella County from December 9, 1975, until his discharge on December 24, 1976, filed a two-count complaint against defendant, the sheriff for Isabella County during that period. Count I, which contained an allegation of wrongful discharge, was subsequently dismissed and is not involved in this appeal. Count II alleged that Sheriff Gillis defamed plaintiff by his statements to a staff writer for the Daily Times News in Mt. Pleasant which were published in that newspaper on Wednesday, December 29, 1976, and were repeated in radio broadcasts. Plaintiff sought to recover general damages allegedly suffered thereby.
The newspaper article contained comments of plaintiff regarding his intent to seek review of his discharge from employment, his excellent arrest record, and his belief that he was fired for political reasons. Defendant's comments, of which plaintiff complains, appeared in the article as follows:
"Croton was dismissed because of his attitude and his inability to work with fellow officers, Gillis said. Croton was a good police officer and did not fail in performing his duties, Gillis stressed.
"'You've got to be able to have your men work together,' he said. Gillis said Croton's work with the department was carefully studied and reviewed before he decided to dismiss him."
On June 7, 1978, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment on five separate grounds. The first ground was that defendant's statements were, as a matter of law, not defamatory. On August 8, 1978, a hearing was held before the Honorable Tyrone Gillespie, acting circuit court judge for Isabella County. On June 5, 1978, the lower court issued a six-page opinion granting the motion for summary judgment on the first of the five grounds. The lower court found that the statements did not constitute libel per se, and that plaintiff, by omitting allegations of special damages from his pleadings, had failed to properly allege libel per quod. However, the lower court authorized plaintiff to file an amended complaint of libel and slander and for the purpose of specifically pleading special damages in support of his claim of libel per quod.
Plaintiff did file an amended complaint on September 20, 1978. Defendant renewed his motion for summary judgment and a further hearing was held on October 11, 1978. On June 29, 1979, the lower court issued a second opinion in which it affirmed its earlier decision and held that, because plaintiff's amended complaint failed to allege special damages, summary judgment would be granted. Plaintiff appeals from the order granting summary judgment and defendant has filed a cross-appeal for review of the lower court's rejection of the four additional grounds raised in his initial motion for summary judgment.
APPEAL
Plaintiff contends that the trial judge erred in granting summary judgment on the ground that he failed, as a matter of law, to allege libel per se. In Tumbarella v The Kroger Co, 85 Mich. App. 482, 493; 271 N.W.2d 284 (1978), the Court of Appeals defined defamation as follows:
"A communication is defamatory if it tends to harm an individual's reputation so as to lower him in the estimation of the community or deter others from associating with him. Iacco v Bohannon, 70 Mich. App. 463; 245 N.W.2d 791 (1976)."
In Sanders v Evening News Ass'n, 313 Mich. 334, 340; 21 N.W.2d 152 (1946), the Court held that a published article must be read as a whole and fairly and reasonably construed in determining whether a portion is libelous in character.
In Swagman v Swift Co, 7 Mich. App. 608, 611; 152 N.W.2d 562 (1967), the Court of Appeals stated:
"It is well established that where words constitute slander per se, special damages need not be alleged or proved. See Newman v Stein (1889), 75 Mich. 402."
The Court further held that slander per se exists where the words are spoken of and concerning the person's profession and employment. See also Smedley v Soule, 125 Mich. 192; 84 N.W. 63 (1900), Mains v Whiting, 87 Mich. 172; 49 N.W. 559 (1891), Newman v Stein, 75 Mich. 402; 42 N.W. 956 (1889).
In Henkel v Schaub, 94 Mich. 542, 547-548; 54 N.W. 293 (1893), the Court stated:
"The rule is well stated in Newell on Defamation, Slander, and Libel (at page 181), as follows:
"'When language is used concerning a person, or his affairs, which, from its nature, necessarily must, or [presumably] will, as its natural and proximate consequence, occasion him pecuniary loss, its publication prima facie constitutes a cause of action, and prima facie constitutes a wrong, without an allegation or evidence of damage, other than that which is implied or presumed from the fact of publication; and this is all that is meant by the terms "actionable per se," etc. Therefore the real, practical test by which to determine whether special damage must be alleged and proven in order to make out a cause of action for defamation is whether the language is such as necessarily must, or naturally and presumably will, occasion pecuniary damage to the person of whom it is spoken.'
* * *
"Words, spoken or written, injurious to a person in his business, which are false and malicious, are actionable per se, and special damages need not be alleged or proved. Haney Manfg Co v Perkins, 78 Mich. 1; Oliver v Perkins, 92 Mich. 304."
In the present case, a reasonable construction of the complained-of statements is that plaintiff had a bad attitude in his job and that plaintiff was unable to meet what defendant inferred was a necessary requirement of his job — that of working with fellow officers. Defendant's statement that plaintiff was a good police officer and did not fail in his duties had little mitigating effect in view of the fact that that was not enough to dissuade defendant, after a careful review of the circumstances, from dismissing plaintiff. The natural and proximate consequence of these statements is to deter other law enforcement agencies from hiring plaintiff. Therefore, plaintiff's pleadings do contain sufficient allegations to make out a complaint for libel per se. Compare Andres v Williams, 405 A.2d 121 (Del, 1979), and Jacobs v Transcontinental Western Air, Inc, 216 S.W.2d 523 (Mo, 1949). Accordingly, the trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff's complaint for failure to allege special damages. The present case must be remanded for trial.
CROSS-APPEAL
Defendant contends that the trial court should have granted summary judgment on the ground that his comments were absolutely privileged. This Court disagrees. The scope of absolute privilege in Michigan has been narrowly construed and does not generally encompass executive communications made in the course of official duties. Raymond v Croll, 233 Mich. 268; 206 N.W. 556 (1925), Walker v Cahalan, 97 Mich. App. 346; 296 N.W.2d 18 (1980), Parks v Johnson, 84 Mich. App. 162; 269 N.W.2d 514 (1978), Tocco v Piersante, 69 Mich. App. 616; 245 N.W.2d 356 (1976). Defendant, if he had any privilege to comment as he did, had merely a qualified privilege. See New York Times Co v Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254; 84 S Ct 710; 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964), and the discussion infra. The trial court so ruled, and, accordingly, plaintiff was required to present factual allegations of actual malice on the part of defendant, sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact, in order to avoid summary judgment. GCR 1963, 117.2(3), Walker, supra. See also Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich. 363; 207 N.W.2d 316 (1973), Zimmerman v Stahlin, 374 Mich. 93, 96; 130 N.W.2d 915 (1964), Hayes v Booth Newspapers, Inc, 97 Mich. App. 758; 295 N.W.2d 858 (1980), Peisner v Detroit Free Press, Inc, 82 Mich. App. 153; 266 N.W.2d 693 (1978).
Although plaintiff's amended complaint presents an unsupported allegation that defendant acted maliciously and with knowledge of the statement's falsity, other documentary evidence filed by plaintiff in this action does provide factual support for his allegation of actual malice sufficient to avert summary judgment. See GCR 1963, 117.3.
We reach a similar conclusion in regard to defendant's argument that summary judgment should have been granted on the ground that plaintiff was a public official and therefore that defendant's comments critical of plaintiff's official conduct were protected speech under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. See New York Times Co v Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254; 84 S.Ct. 710; 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964). Since plaintiff came forward with sufficient evidence to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact as to whether or not defendant acted with actual malice, New York Times Co, supra, 279-280, the trial court properly refused to grant summary judgment on this ground. Peisner, supra, 158.
Defendant next contends that the trial court should have granted summary judgment on the ground that he was not responsible for the publication of his remarks made to the newspaper reporter. In the case of In re Simmons, 248 Mich. 297; 226 N.W. 907 (1929), the Michigan Supreme Court indicated that consent to publish need not be express but may be inferred from the conduct and state of mind of the person making the statement. The Court also stated that:
"One in a public position, having frequent contact with newspapers and reporters, may be held to a greater knowledge of their habits of obtaining and publishing interviews than one in a secluded station in life." Id., 304.
See also Johnson v Gerasimos, 247 Mich. 248; 225 N.W. 636 (1929). Since in the present case the record available to the lower court as of the date of its summary judgment decision left open issues of fact relevant to determination of defendant's responsibility for publication, it properly ruled that this question must be resolved at trial. GCR 1963, 117.2(3).
Defendant's final contention is that plaintiff's suit is barred by the doctrine of governmental immunity. MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107). We disagree. Plaintiff's allegations of libel and malice are clearly sufficient to avoid summary judgment based on governmental immunity. Galli v Kirkeby, 398 Mich. 527; 248 N.W.2d 149 (1976), McCann v Michigan, 398 Mich. 65; 247 N.W.2d 521 (1976). The holdings in the preceding cases are not overruled by the recent decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court which have narrowed even further the scope of governmental immunity. Parker v Highland Park, 404 Mich. 183; 273 N.W.2d 413 (1978), Murray v Beyer Memorial Hospital, 409 Mich. 217; 293 N.W.2d 341 (1980). See also Lockaby v Wayne County, 406 Mich. 65; 276 N.W.2d 1 (1979), Bush v Oscoda Area Schools, 405 Mich. 716; 275 N.W.2d 268 (1979), Antkiewicz v Motorists Mutual Ins Co, 91 Mich. App. 389, 397, fn 3; 283 N.W.2d 749 (1979), vacated on other grounds 407 Mich. 936 (1979), and Armstrong v Ross Twp, 82 Mich. App. 77; 266 N.W.2d 674 (1978).
Reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.