Summary
finding trial court properly considered evidence of husband's adultery when making an award, even though divorce was not awarded on those grounds
Summary of this case from Brooker v. BrookerOpinion
45547 No. 0986-86
Decided October 6, 1987
(1) Domestic Relations — Equitable Distribution — Monetary Awards. — Code Sec. 20-107.3(E) enumerates eleven factors that must be considered when making a monetary award, including the circumstances and factors which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage; this statute, by its plain language, does not limit the trial court to consider only the grounds upon which the divorce was granted, and circumstances and factors which may have contributed to the dissolution, regardless whether they constituted grounds for divorce, may be considered in weighing the equities between the parties in determining the amount and method of making the monetary award.
(2) Domestic Relations — Equitable Distribution — Classification of Property. — A court is required to classify property owned by the parties as either marital or separate property; marital property is all property titled in the names of both parties.
(3) Domestic Relations — Equitable Distribution — Separate Property. — Separate property is all property acquired during the marriage by bequest, devise, descent, survivorship or gift from a source other than the other party, but to remain separate property, it must be owned by or titled to only one party; by definition, property which is jointly owned or titled is marital property.
(4) Domestic Relations — Equitable Distribution — Monetary Awards. — The classification of property as marital does not preclude the trial court from giving consideration to how and when the property was acquired in determining the amount of and method for paying a monetary award.
(5) Domestic Relations — Child Support — Standard. — The amount of any monetary award is one of the factors the court must consider in determining child support.
(6) Appellate Review — Child Custody — Standard. — A trial court's custody decision, when based on an ore tenus hearing, is entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or there is no evidence to support it.
Maureen M. Dwyer, for appellant.
Allen S. Rugg (Marcelle F. Schleider, Fagelson, Schonberger, Payne Arthur, on brief), for appellee.
SUMMARY
Husband appealed the judgment of the circuit court making an equitable distribution award and awards of child custody and support. He argued that the trial court erred in considering circumstances leading to the dissolution of the marriage, erred by classifying the marital residence as separate property, erred by failing to consider all the statutory factors before making the equitable distribution award, and erred by awarding custody of the child to the wife (Circuit Court of Fairfax County, Lewis Hall Griffith, Judge).
The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the trial court erred in classifying the marital residence as separate property. The Court also held that because of the error in equitable distribution, the child support award must be reconsidered.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
OPINION
Randy Cousins appeals the equitable distribution award and the child custody and child support awards entered by the Circuit Court of Fairfax County. He raises four questions: (1) whether, in determining equitable distribution, the trial court properly considered circumstances leading to the dissolution of the marriage when the divorce had been granted on no fault grounds; (2) whether the trial court erred by classifying the marital abode as separate property; (3) whether the trial court erred by failing to consider all statutory factors and by failing to make necessary findings before making the equitable distribution and child support awards; and (4) whether the trial court erred by awarding custody of the parties' child to Mrs. Cousins when there was insufficient evidence of the factors of Code Sec. 20-107.2(1). We find that the court erred in classifying the marital home as separate property. Thus, we necessarily remand the equitable distribution and child support awards. We find no other error and affirm the custody award.
Mr. Cousins contends that because the final divorce was granted on the "no-fault" ground of a one year separation, the finding of no fault has a " res judicata effect" on issues concerning the dissolution of the marriage. He argues that the award of a "no-fault" divorce precludes the court from considering fault when making the equitable distribution award. Mrs. Cousins contends that we cannot consider the question because no timely objection was made to the introduction of evidence concerning Mr. Cousin's adulterous behavior. Mrs. Cousins is correct that no timely objection was made; nevertheless, we must address the question because it will arise again when the equitable distribution award is reconsidered on remand for reasons hereafter stated. See Rule 5A:18.
(1) Code Sec. 20-107.3(E) enumerates eleven factors which must be considered by the trial judge when making a monetary award. Code Sec. 20-107.3(E)(5) directs the court to consider "[t]he circumstances and factors which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, specifically including any ground for divorce under the provisions of Sec. 20-91(1), (3) or (6) or Sec. 20-95." This statute, by its plain language, does not limit the trial court to consider only the grounds upon which the divorce was granted. Bacon v. Bacon, 3 Va. App. 484, 490, 351 S.E.2d 37, 41 (1986). Circumstances and factors which may have contributed to the dissolution of a marriage, regardless of whether they constituted grounds for divorce, may be considered in weighing the equities between parties in determining the amount and method of making a monetary award. See Smoot v. Smoot, 233 Va. 435, 443, 357 S.E.2d 728, 732 (1987). The statutory directive, "specifically including any ground for divorce . . ." does not limit consideration to grounds for divorce. We therefore conclude it was proper for the trial court to consider evidence of Mr. Cousin's adultery, provided it contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, when making an equitable distribution award.
(2) Code Sec. 20-107.3(A) requires the trial court to classify property owned by the parties as either marital or separate property. Code Sec. 20-107.3(A)(2)(i), in relevant part, defines marital property as "all property titled in the names of both parties whether as joint tenants, tenants by the entirety or otherwise." The marital home was titled to both parties as tenants by the entirety. Therefore, accepting as fact Mrs. Cousins' contention that the home was an advancement from her parents on her inheritance, the statute does not support a finding that the home was her separate property.
(3) Mrs. Cousins relies on the definition for separate property in Code Sec. 20-107.3(A)(1)(ii) that "all property acquired during the marriage by bequest, devise, descent, survivorship or a gift from a source other than the party" is separate property. But, to be separate property, it must be owned by or titled to only one party. By definition, property which is jointly owned or titled is marital, not separate. Assuming the home was acquired by "devise, descent, survivorship or gift" it was transferred to the parties jointly, and the marital property definitions apply.
(4) Thus, since the trial court misclassified the marital home as separate property, the equitable distribution award must be set aside and reconsidered. On remand, classification of the property as marital does not, however, preclude the trial judge from giving consideration to how and when the property was acquired in determining the amount of and method for paying a monetary award. Code Sec. 20-107.3(E)(6); see Robinette v. Robinette, 4 Va. App. 123, 130, 354 S.E.2d 808, 811 (1987). Accordingly, the equitable distribution issue is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Whether the trial court erred in making the monetary award need not be addressed. The award must necessarily be reconsidered on remand in light of the family home being deemed marital property. On remand, the trial court must consider the rights and equities of the parties in the marital property and all the factors of Code Sec. 20-107.3 in making the monetary award. Smoot, 233 Va. at 441, 357 S.E.2d at 731 (citing Robinette, 4 Va. App. at 130, 354 S.E.2d at 811).
(5) Neither do we address whether the judge abused his discretion concerning child support. The amount of any monetary award under Code Sec. 20-107.3 is one of the factors the court must consider in determining child support, and in view of the remand of the monetary award, the trial court must also reconsider its child support award. Venable v. Venable, 2 Va. App. 178, 186, 342 S.E.2d 646, 651 (1986).
Finally, we consider Mr. Cousins' argument that there was insufficient evidence upon which the trial court could base a custody award. Mr. Cousins chose not to present evidence in his behalf on the custody issue. He cannot now complain because of his own lack of diligence.
(6) A trial court's custody decision, when based on an ore tenus hearing, is entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or there is no evidence to support it. Code Sec. 8.01-680; Venable, 2 Va. App. at 186, 342 S.E.2d at 651 (citations omitted). The trial court had before it evidence relating to the factors of Code Sec. 20-107.2(1) and made a decision based on the evidence presented. The trial court did not err in granting custody based on the evidence which the parties elected to present.
In summary, we remand the equitable distribution award for reconsideration with directions that the family home be classified as marital property. Because the monetary award is remanded, child support must necessarily be remanded and reconsidered. Finally, the award of child custody to Mrs. Cousins is affirmed.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Barrow, J., and Keenan, J., concurred.