Summary
In County of Los Angeles v. Wilshire Ins. Co. (1979) 103 Cal.App.3d Supp. 1, 2-3 (Wilshire), the appellate court considered a claim that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter summary judgment on a bail bond because an appeal was pending from an order denying a motion to vacate the forfeiture.
Summary of this case from People v. American Contractors Indem. Co.Opinion
Howard Meyerson, North Hollywood, for defendants and appellants.
John H. Larson, County Counsel, Donald K. Byrne, Chief Deputy County Counsel, and H. Anthony Nicklin, Deputy County Counsel, Los Angeles, for plaintiff and respondent.
DOWDS, Judge.
Wilshire Insurance Company (Wilshire) and Mark Herman (Herman) appeal from denial of their motions to set aside a summary judgment entered against them following forfeiture of a bail bond. They argue that the order appealed from was entered at a time the court lacked jurisdiction because at that time a previous appeal from an order denying a motion to vacate the forfeiture was pending. Penal Code section 1306 requires the entry of a summary judgment when the time specified in Penal Code section 1305 (180 days after entry of bond forfeiture in the court minutes, or, if notice is required, after mailing of notice of forfeiture) has elapsed without the forfeiture having been set aside. If the court had not entered summary judgment within the 90-day period provided by Penal Code section 1306 the bond would have been exonerated and the bail lost to the people of the State of California. While Code of Civil Procedure section 916 subdivision (a) in general stays proceedings in the trial court upon matters embraced in or affected by the judgment or order appealed from, Penal Code sections 1300 to 1309 inclusive specifically provide for the proceedings in respect of forfeiture of a bail bond and the entry of a summary judgment against the bondsman. They do not provide that appeal from a forfeiture stays the power of the court to enter summary judgment. This specific statutory scheme prevails over the general provisions of Code of Civil Procedure section 916 subdivision (a). The statutory procedure provided in respect of bail bonds was followed here and appellants' contention that the order appealed from was entered while the trial court lacked jurisdiction fails.
The order denying Herman's motion to vacate and set aside the summary judgment must, however, be reversed. Penal Code section 1306, pursuant to which the summary judgment was entered, provides for such judgments against "each bondsman named in the bond in the amount for which the bondsman has bound himself." Herman is not a bondsman at all. He is clearly designated in the bond itself as the agent of the bondsman and he made no undertaking at all. His name appears in the caption of the summary judgment only, not in the body. Thus it is questionable if any judgment is outstanding against him. He is entitled to have the doubt removed, however, and the respondent does not dispute this, making no reply in its brief to Herman's argument as to his individual liability.
The order appealed from is affirmed as to Wilshire and reversed as to Herman with directions to set aside the summary judgment entered against him. Appellant Herman is to recover his costs on appeal against respondent County of Los Angeles. Respondent to recover its costs on appeal against appellant Wilshire.
SAETA, J., concurred.
COLE, Presiding Judge, concurring.
I concur in the result reached by the majority. That result is not only correct, it is compelled as to appellant Wilshire Insurance Company (Wilshire) by decision of the Court of Appeal and by our oaths of office. We would be exceeding our jurisdiction were we to hold in a different manner. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455, 20 Cal.Rptr. 321.) The Court of Appeal has decided the identical question in an appeal arising out of the identical and underlying criminal matter. It is most curious, however, that out of undue deference to that legal teratism, rule 977 of the California Rules of Court, you could never tell from the majority opinion that the question was not an open one.
The undisclosed facts are these: The bail bond at issue here was in the amount of $3,500. It was issued, as part of a total bail of $10,000, to secure the appearance of one Oscar Onsurez, a defendant in criminal action No. 186326 in the Los Angeles Superior Court. The balance of the bail, $6,500, was posted by Surety Insurance Company (Surety). On February 27, 1975, the $10,000 bail was forfeited. Both Wilshire, appellant here, and Surety moved to vacate the forfeiture, and upon denial of their motion, appealed on January 24, 1977. That appeal was not decided until December 19, 1977, when the Court of Appeal, in a published opinion, affirmed the order denying the motion to vacate the forfeiture. (People v. Surety Insurance Company (1977) 76 Cal.App.3d 57, 143 Cal.Rptr. 47.)
In the meantime, and while that appeal was pending, summary judgments were entered against the bonding companies. At the time of the summary judgments, each entered in 1977, Penal Code section 1306 provided that jurisdiction to enter the judgment depended upon whether the amount of the bond was within the civil jurisdiction of the court to render judgment in an action arising upon a contract of similar nature and amount. Accordingly, since at that time the municipal court had jurisdiction of amounts up to $5,000, the summary judgment against appellant Wilshire was entered in the municipal court and this appeal to this court followed. But the amount of Surety's bond, $6,500, fell within the jurisdiction of the superior court. Surety, represented by the same counsel as represents Wilshire on this appeal, appealed to the Court of Appeal. The ground of appeal, in each case, was that the trial courts had no jurisdiction to enter the summary judgments while the prior appeal (which resulted in the published opinion in People v. Surety Insurance Company, supra ) was pending. The County of Los Angeles was respondent in both the appeal to the Court of Appeal and the appeal to this court.
In 1977, effective January 1, 1978, the Legislature amended section 1306 of the Penal Code to vest jurisdiction to enter summary judgment in the court which has declared the forfeiture, regardless of the amount of the bail. Thus the specter of appeals to different courts from the same underlying case, with the possibility of conflicting results, is no longer a worry.
This court initially decided this matter on June 7, 1978. Appellants petitioned for rehearing or for certification by us to the Court of Appeal, pointing out the possibility that conflicting results might occur if the Court of Appeal reached a different conclusion than we had reached. We granted rehearing, denied certification, and entered an order stating that "(f)urther decision and consideration of this matter is deferred pending final decision in County of Los Angeles v. Surety Insurance Company, 2nd Civ. 53448." We ordered counsel for appellant to furnish us with a copy of any final decision of the Court of Appeal.
Counsel has done so. That opinion was filed July 2, 1979, but was not certified for publication in the official reports. It reached a result entirely consistent with that now adopted by this court as to Wilshire. (No individual agent, such as appellant Herman was involved in the Court of Appeal opinion.) Under these circumstances, a fair reading of rule 977 of the California Rules of Court surely allows citation to the unpublished opinion. To hold otherwise leaves us in the Orwellian situation where the Court of Appeal opinion binds us, under Auto Equity Sales v. Superior Court, supra, 57 Cal.2d 450, 20 Cal.Rptr. 321, but we cannot tell anyone about it. Such a rule of law is intolerable in a society whose governmental decisions are supposed to be free and open and whose legal system is founded on principles of the common law (Civ.Code, § 22.2) with its elementary reliance on the doctrine of stare decisis. Rule 977 states that an unpublished opinion of a Court of Appeal "shall not be cited by a court or by a party in any other action or proceeding except when the opinion is relevant under the doctrines of the law of the case, res judicata or collateral estoppel, or in a criminal action or proceeding involving the same defendant . . .." (Emphasis added.)
In Auto Equity, the Supreme Court said at pages 455-456, 20 Cal.Rptr. at pages 323-324, 369 P.2d at pages 939-940:
This surely is not another action or proceeding within the meaning of the rule. Given the history of the Onsurez case, this is the same proceeding. The appeals are technically separate, as were the summary judgments, but all common sense cries out that the rule should not apply here.
For this reason I concur in the result reached by my colleagues as to Wilshire and in the opinion and result as to appellant Herman.
"Under the doctrine of stare decisis, all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction. Otherwise, the doctrine of stare decisis makes no sense. The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California. Decisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state, and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a trial or appellate court. Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction. It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court. (People v. McGuire, 45 Cal. 56, 57-58; Latham v. Santa Clara County Hospital, 104 Cal.App.2d 336, 340; Globe Indemnity Co. v. Larkin, 62 Cal.App.2d 891, 894.)
"This rule requiring a court exercising inferior jurisdiction to follow the decisions of a court exercising a higher jurisdiction has particular application to the appellate departments of the superior court. Until very recently, the decisions of those courts were not subject to appellate review except by the use of original writs in exceptional cases. Even under the recent constitutional amendment (Cal.Const., art. VI, § 4e), which is not here applicable the right of review is strictly limited (Code Civ.Proc., § 988t; Pen.Code, § 1471). It would create chaos in our legal system if these courts were not bound by higher court decisions."