Summary
In Coppard v. Martin, 5 Cir., 15 F.2d 743, we had occasion to consider the Ratner case and other authorities and reached the conclusion that, under a practically similar state of facts as shown in this case, the lien was valid and should be recognized.
Summary of this case from Second Nat. Bank of Houston v. PhillipsOpinion
No. 4723.
November 23, 1926.
In Error to the District Court of the United States for the Western District of Texas; Duval West, Judge.
Action by M. Coppard, trustee of the estate of Dollinger's, Incorporated, bankrupt, against B.C. Martin. Judgment for defendant, and plaintiff brings error. Affirmed.
Frank H. Booth and Jas. D. Crenshaw, both of San Antonio, Tex., for plaintiff in error.
Claud J. Carter, of San Antonio, Tex. (Douglas Carter, of San Antonio, Tex., on the brief), for defendant in error.
Before WALKER, BRYAN, and FOSTER, Circuit Judges.
This is an action at law, brought by the trustee in bankruptcy of the estate of Dollinger's, Incorporated, to recover of the defendant Martin approximately $4,500, received by him from the bankrupt in settlement of a debt within four months prior to bankruptcy, on the theory that when the payment was made Dollinger was insolvent, and Martin had reasonable cause to believe that such payment would enable him to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than other creditors of the same class would receive in contravention of section 60a of the Bankruptcy Act (Comp. St. § 9644).
The defense was that the payment of the amount in question was made in satisfaction of a valid lien, given and accepted in good faith, for a present consideration, and was therefore protected by section 67d of the Act (Comp. St. § 9651). There was a verdict and judgment for defendant.
The evidence discloses that the authorized capital stock of the corporation was $10,000, of which C.J. Dollinger and his wife controlled a majority, themselves owning stock of the par value of $4,800; and, having control of the corporation's affairs, they were conducting the business in such an extravagant manner that, if continued, would render failure inevitable; that in this situation a meeting of the stockholders was held, and defendant Martin, who owned stock of the par value of $1,500, lent to the corporation $4,500, which was used by it in the purchase of the Dollinger stock, and its return to the treasury of the corporation, in consideration of which Martin was made manager of and put in charge of the business, under an agreement that his loan should be repaid to him out of the first receipts from the sale of goods; that Martin continued as such manager and reimbursed himself out of receipts of sales, though some of the first receipts were used to pay other creditors; that Martin did not know at the time he advanced the loan that the corporation was insolvent, and the auditor's report indicated that it was not, but he reimbursed himself for his loan within less than four months prior to the time the corporation was adjudicated a bankrupt, and when he did so he knew that the corporation was insolvent.
The trustee concedes that Martin, although he was a stockholder, and the other minority stockholders acted in good faith in arranging for the purchase of the stock owned by Dollinger and his wife, that there was a total absence of actual fraud, and that the judgment should be affirmed, if a valid lien was created by the agreement that Martin should be reimbursed out of the receipts from the sale of goods. The case presented, therefore, is not different than it would be if Martin were not a stockholder, but a stranger to the corporation, insisting by reason of his loan that he had a lien superior to the unsecured claims of general creditors.
The corporation attempted to make a present assignment of money to be received in the future. If that assignment was valid, Martin had an equitable right to the money as soon as it was paid, because of the doctrine that equity regards as done that which ought to be done. Bank of Oakman v. Union Coal Co. (C.C.A.) 15 F.2d 360 (present term). And that right related back to the date of his contract. Sexton v. Kessler, 225 U.S. 90, 32 S. Ct. 657, 56 L. Ed. 995. We are of opinion that a valid lien was created. The pledge of accounts receivable of a mercantile business creates a lien, though such accounts be retained and collected by the pledgor, and substitutions of future accounts be authorized. Van Iderstine v. National Discount Co., 227 U.S. 575, 33 S. Ct. 343, 57 L. Ed. 652; Sexton v. Kessler, supra.
However, if the pledgor is not required to make substitutions, but is authorized to use the proceeds of accounts as he sees fit, no lien exists. Benedict v. Ratner, 268 U.S. 353, 45 S. Ct. 566, 69 L. Ed. 991. A pledge of accounts receivable being sufficient to create a lien, we think it must follow by analogy that a pledge of money received from the sale of goods is also sufficient for that purpose, for the principle is the same. The necessity of surrender of dominion by the pledgor applies to tangible property, but it does not apply to a pledge of indebtedness. See Young v. Upson (C.C.) 115 F. 192, cited with approval by the Supreme Court in Benedict v. Ratner, supra. Consequently, article 4000, Texas Revised Civil Statutes, which in effect makes void a lien upon a stock of goods exposed for sale in the regular course of business, where possession and control remain in the owner of the goods, has no application to the pledge of accounts receivable or proceeds from the sale of goods.
Martin's lien was not lost by reason of his failure to reimburse himself out of the first moneys received from the sale of goods. The acquiescence of the corporation that he reimburse himself out of later receipts amounted to a substitution, and did not result in any injury to the general creditors represented by the trustee. Nor does the fact that the money borrowed by the corporation was used with Martin's knowledge, not in payment of debts, but to retire the stock of Dollinger and his wife, sustain the trustee's contention that a legal, though not an actual, fraud was committed. The loan was made for the legitimate purpose of saving the corporation from Dollinger's extravagance, and in the hope that it might survive at a time when Martin believed it, and it appeared, to be in a solvent condition.
The judgment is affirmed.