Opinion
Docket No. 22304.
November 13, 1975.
Appeal from Wayne, Theodore R. Bohn, J. Submitted November 13, 1975, at Detroit. (Docket No. 22304.)
Complaint by Continental Casualty Company against Enco Associates, Inc. and Sears, Roebuck and Company, for a declaratory judgment determining the respective rights of parties under a contract of insurance. Summary judgment for defendants. Plaintiff appeals. Reversed in part and affirmed in part.
Vandeveer, Garzia, Tonkin, Kerr Heaphy, P.C., for plaintiff.
Dykema, Gossett, Spencer, Goodnow Trigg (by James P. Feeney), for defendant Enco Associates, Inc.
Alexander, Buchanan Seavitt, for defendant Sears, Roebuck and Company.
This is a declaratory judgment action filed to determine the respective rights of parties under a contract of insurance. The plaintiff, Continental Casualty Company (hereafter "Continental") appeals as of right from the entry of a summary judgment on the ground that there was no genuine issue of a material fact, GCR 1963, 117.2(3).
The facts are largely undisputed by the parties. It is basically the legal effect of their conduct which is at issue here. Continental had issued an architects-engineers professional liability policy to Enco Associates, Inc. (hereafter "Enco") providing liability coverage to Enco for its "errors, omissions or negligent acts" which occurred during the policy period "if claim therefor is first made against the insured during this policy period". (Emphasis supplied.) Coverage under the policy terminated on November 6, 1970.
In 1967 Enco had entered into a construction contract with Sears, Roebuck and Company (hereafter "Sears") to design parking garage ramps being constructed by Sears in White Plains, New York. In mid-1970 it became evident, at least to Sears and Enco, that major structural repairs would become necessary due to extensive cracking in various parts of the structure. Photographs of the damaged areas were sent along with correspondence from Sears' architect, Don Garrett, to Alvin Balmes of Enco on two occasions during the spring of 1970. Then on June 26, 1970, Enco sent one of its representatives, Himat Dagli, to New York to inspect the ramp structure along with Garrett. Dagli prepared a four-page report (also attached to Enco's motion) verifying and detailing the structural damage to the ramps and suggesting possible solutions. This report was sent to Sears on October 2, 1970. In an affidavit filed with the motion for summary judgment Garrett indicated that he informed Enco representative Balmes by telephone — both during and after the Dagli inspection — that Sears intended to hold Enco responsible for the cost of repairs to the ramp.
It was not until January 13, 1972, that Enco forwarded to Continental a letter which Sears had written on December 8, 1971, formally informing Enco that Sears intended to hold it responsible for the costs of repairs of the parking ramp structure. Continental thereupon advised Enco that there would be no coverage, the claim not having been made during the policy period.
The Enco-Continental dispute is being litigated in the instant declaratory judgment action commenced by Continental, the central issue being whether the assertions made by Sears to Enco during the summer of 1970 constituted a "claim" against Enco within the terms of the insurance policy. Sears was named as a party defendant — along with Enco — as a potential third party beneficiary to the insurance contract. Meanwhile Continental has agreed — without waiver of any rights it may have under the policy — to defend Enco in a lawsuit Sears has filed against that company in the state of New York.
The propriety of a summary judgment granted under GCR 1963, 117.2(3), is determined from an examination of the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions and documentary evidence presented to the trial court at the time of the motion hearing. The motion should not have been granted unless the record demonstrated that:
"(1) [A]ll facts essential to the rendition of judgment on the claim or defense are not disputed by the parties; or (2) an essential element of proof of the claim or defense cannot be supplied." 1 Honigman Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), 1975 Pocket Part, p 94. Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich. 363, 372; 207 N.W.2d 316 (1973).
The essential facts in the instant case relate to the filing of a claim against Enco during the policy period. Enco has submitted affidavits in accordance with GCR 1963, 117.2(3) which refer to certain conversations and correspondence during the summer of 1970 between representatives of Sears and Enco with regard to the structural damage to the parking facility. Continental submitted no counter-affidavits, and understandably so, since it had no knowledge of any structural problems until January of 1972 when it first became aware of Sears' intent to hold Enco liable. It is apparent, therefore, that the essential facts were not disputed by the parties. Only the legal significance — with reference to the policy — of the 1970 conversations is at issue here. Resolution of that issue was properly determined by the court. Clearly there was no question of fact left for a jury to decide, and the trial judge was eminently correct in so ruling.
Continental next argues that the trial court erred in finding that the 1970 Sears-Enco communications constituted a claim within the terms of the policy. In deciding this it is elemental that the policy provision be construed "in accordance with the ordinary and popular sense of the language used, so as to avoid strained interpretations". Cora v Patterson, 55 Mich. App. 298, 300; 222 N.W.2d 221 (1974). Continental argues essentially that Sears never made a "demand for payment" or assertion of a right, as the word "claim" has variously been defined by our Supreme Court. See Central Wholesale Co v Chesapeake Ohio, 366 Mich. 138, 150; 114 N.W.2d 221 (1962), and Allen v Board of State Auditors, 122 Mich. 324, 328; 81 N.W. 113 (1899), respectively. In our opinion Continental is splitting hairs on this issue. We concur with the trial court that when Sears' architect Garrett telephoned Enco representative Balmes informing him that design faults had been discovered and that Enco would be held responsible, a "claim" was made in the ordinary sense of the world. The fact that Sears reiterated its intention formally in its December 8, 1971, letter does not make the earlier communication any less of a claim than it already was.
Although stated differently in the briefs the final issue is really whether Continental can be precluded by the instant judgment from asserting, in a subsequent action, any defense it failed to raise in this action. We hold that it cannot.
The procedure for obtaining declaratory relief is determined by the General Court Rules. GCR 1963, 203.1 requires the joinder of all claims arising "out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject-matter of the action". But the same rule also provides:
GCR 1963, 521.2.
"Failure by motion or at the pretrial conference to object to improper joinder of claims or to a failure to join claims required to be joined constitutes a waiver of the required joinder rules and the judgment shall not merge more than the claims actually litigated. (Emphasis supplied.)
In this case there was no objection to Continental's failure to join all defenses accruing to it under the insurance policy which is the subject matter of this action.
Plaintiff's "lack of notice" defense, for example, was not litigated in the trial court. The judgment, therefore, cannot merge that defense (or any other unlitigated defense) with the defense actually litigated. Nor can it preclude plaintiff from raising such defenses in a subsequent action. Insofar as it purports to do so, the judgment of the trial court is reversed. In all other respects the trial court judgment is affirmed.
Our ruling in this case is not to be understood to support any construction of the trial court judgment which would require appellant to pay under its policy an amount in excess of its policy limits. We have not considered that contention in this opinion since appellees agree that no such construction could be upheld.
No costs, all parties having partially prevailed.