Opinion
October 15, 1973.
May 16, 1974.
Present: ROSE, KEVILLE, GOODMAN, JJ.
Practice, Criminal, Disclosure of evidence before grand jury, Argument by prosecutor. Evidence, Judicial discretion, Leading question, Hostile witness, Competency. Witness, Impeachment, Refreshment of recollection.
At the trial of a criminal case in 1973, there was no "particularized need" for the defendants to examine the grand jury minutes for the purpose of showing an inconsistency in testimony of a witness for the Commonwealth, nor error in denial of a motion for such inspection, where the judge examined the minutes and informed counsel that he found the witness' testimony before the grand jury "completely consistent" with his testimony at trial. [260-262] There was no abuse of judicial discretion, nor basis for a mistrial, at the trial of a criminal case where the judge allowed the prosecutor to put leading questions to a witness for the Commonwealth for the purpose of contradicting testimony of the witness; there was no merit in a contention by the defendants that the purpose of the questions was rather to impeach the credibility of the witness by evidence of bad character in violation of G.L.c. 273, § 23. [262-263] In the circumstances, there was no abuse of judicial discretion nor basis for a mistrial in permitting the prosecutor at a criminal trial to ask leading questions of a witness for the Commonwealth for the purpose of refreshing his recollection. [263-264] Closing argument by the prosecutor at a criminal trial based on the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the appearance of the defendants, and reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, considered in connection with instructions by the judge to the jury that arguments were not evidence and that the evaluation of the testimony was for the jury, was not unreasonable or prejudicial. [264-265]
INDICTMENTS found and returned in Superior Court on October 10, 1972.
The cases were tried in 1973 before Roy, J.
Joseph James Balliro (Henry D. Katz with him) for the defendant John O'Master.
Alfred E. Nugent for the defendant David White.
John T. Gaffney, Assistant District Attorney ( Thomas E. Dwyer, Jr., Assistant District Attorney, with him) for the Commonwealth.
In a jury trial made subject to G.L.c. 278, §§ 33A-33G, as amended, the defendants were convicted on separate indictments charging each of them with mayhem, assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon and armed assault with intent to commit murder. They assign as error the trial judge's denial of their motions to inspect the minutes of the grand jury, his allowing the prosecutor to put leading questions to two of the Commonwealth's witnesses, his denial of their motions for mistrial based on the questioning of three witnesses and his overruling of defense objections to the Commonwealth's closing argument.
There was evidence from which the jury could have found that at approximately 3:00 A.M. on September 23, 1972, Richard Paaso, the victim, with two acquaintances, Donald Maley and Dana Leahy, accompanied by a German shepherd dog belonging to a friend of Paaso, drove to a bar adjacent to the Charles River Motel on Soldier's Field Road in Brighton. Leaving their car, which also belonged to Paaso's friend, in the parking lot nearby, they entered the bar and there saw the defendant John O'Master. Paaso indicated that he wished to talk to O'Master. The latter led him to a table where he sat between O'Master and the defendant David White. Leahy and Maley remained a few yards away; and the dog wandered among the tables of the bar. Paaso had known White for about ten years. During this period he had also become acquainted with O'Master. Paaso told the defendants that he had come to thank them for helping his friend Leahy. O'Master asked him why he was interested and if any of his money was involved. Paaso replied: "No." Whereupon O'Master said to him, "Are you some type of tough guy?" and, "We are the power around here." Then, without warning, O'Master reached over and "grabbed" Paaso's ear. Paaso reached up and felt blood rushing down his face. He stood up and both defendants closed in on him. He felt "quick thrusts" in his stomach coming from White's direction. He panicked, overturned a chair, ran from the lounge and hid in a ditch. As he was running, he noticed that O'Master struck the dog. He remained in the ditch for several minutes, and then sought assistance from Boston police in a patrol wagon which had stopped nearby. The police drove him to a hospital. He had sustained serious injuries including cuts on his stomach, chest, face and neck. His left ear was nearly severed.
Later on September 23, the mutilated body of the dog was found in the parking lot by a motel maintenance man, Bucelwicz, who, at the suggestion and with the assistance of the defendant White, removed the body of the dog to a nearby field. There it was later discovered by the dog's owner whose car was also found in the parking lot.
1. In their joint brief the defendants argue that it was error for the judge to deny their motion to inspect the minutes of the grand jury. At the close of the direct examination of Paaso, the defendants moved to obtain the grand jury minutes alleging that Paaso had previously told a story inconsistent with his testimony at trial, viz., that he had been attacked by an unknown assailant while walking the dog. After reading the minutes, the judge informed counsel that he found Paaso's testimony before the grand jury to be "completely consistent" with his testimony at trial. There was no error in the denial of the motion. The effect of the recent ruling of the Supreme Judicial Court in Commonwealth v. Stewart, 365 Mass. 99, 102-108 (1974), conferring a right of access to grand jury testimony of Commonwealth witnesses relating to the subject matter of their testimony at trial without a showing of a "particularized need," is prospective only. Commonwealth v. Lamattina, ante, 203, 210 n. 3 (1974).
White's assignment of error 4; O'Master's assignment 2.
We therefore consider the defendants' argument in light of the law prior to the Stewart case. Prior thereto, a defendant was not entitled to examine grand jury minutes as matter of right. Commonwealth v. Giacomazza, 311 Mass. 456, 462 (1942). A motion to permit inspection of such minutes was addressed to the discretion of the judge. Commonwealth v. Balliro, 349 Mass. 505, 518 (1965). It was deemed appropriate for the judge to review the minutes to determine whether an inconsistency existed between the witness' testimony at trial and that given before the grand jury. Commonwealth v. Doherty, 353 Mass. 197, 209-210 (1967), cert. den. 390 U.S. 982 (1968), overruled on other grounds in Connor v. Commonwealth, 363 Mass. 572, 574 (1973). The presence of inconsistency would constitute a "particularized need" for the minutes ( Commonwealth v. Carita, 356 Mass. 132, 141-142 [1969]; Commonwealth v. De Christoforo, 360 Mass. 531, 534-536 [1971]; Commonwealth v. Dominico, 1 Mass. App. Ct. 693, 709-710 [1974]), warranting their examination by defense counsel. Commonwealth v. Ladetto, 349 Mass. 237, 244-245 (1965). Commonwealth v. Abbott Engr. Inc., 351 Mass. 568, 578-579 (1967).
Where, as here, the judge found no inconsistency between Paaso's testimony before the grand jury and his testimony at trial, no "particularized need" for access to the minutes was shown. Commonwealth v. Kiernan, 348 Mass. 29, 36 (1964), cert. den. sub nom. Gordon v. Massachusetts, 380 U.S. 913 (1965). Commonwealth v. Dominico, supra. In addition, counsel for the defendants thoroughly explored in extensive cross-examination of Paaso and other witnesses Paaso's initial statement, which he admitted having made, that he had been attacked by an unknown assailant. The jury's attention was emphatically directed to the credibility of Paaso on this point. Coupled with the judge's ruling that Paaso's testimony at trial was "completely consistent" with that given before the grand jury, no injustice resulted to the defendants from the denial of the motion.
2. The defendants next contend that the prosecutor's examination of the witness Dana Leahy was improper and that the judge erred in denying their motions for mistrial based on the alleged improper questioning of this witness. At a bench conference before Leahy took the stand, the prosecutor informed the judge that he expected that Leahy would lie during his testimony. During the early portion of Leahy's testimony, when he denied participating in certain activities with Paaso on the evening in question, the prosecutor put to him a series of leading questions over the objections of the defendants.
White's assignments of error 8-16; O'Master's assignments 6-13.
Although the judge did not formally declare Leahy to be a hostile witness until well along in the prosecutor's examination, it was in his discretion to allow leading questions up to that point and thereafter. Commonwealth v. Coshnear, 289 Mass. 516, 527 (1935). Commonwealth v. Jones, 319 Mass. 228, 229-230 (1946). Commonwealth v. LaFrance, 361 Mass. 53, 57 (1972). In Commonwealth v. Flynn, 362 Mass. 455, 467 (1972), the court reiterated the language of Giuffre v. Carapezza, 298 Mass. 458, 460 (1937), viz., "[W]e are aware of no decision in this Commonwealth in which exceptions have been sustained because of the allowance of leading questions."
We find no merit in the further argument of the defendants that the examination by the prosecutor violated the provisions of G.L.c. 233, § 23, in attempting to impeach Leahy's credibility by evidence of "bad character." A review of the testimony makes it apparent that the objective of this questioning was not to elicit evidence of Leahy's criminal activities, but rather to have him testify to his whereabouts during and after the assault upon Paaso including his alleged return to Paaso's apartment later that morning, and to contradict his testimony that he was in bed at home at the time of the incident. Evidence material to prove an issue in a case is not incompetent simply because it reveals criminal activity on the part of a witness. Commonwealth v. Dominico, supra, at 713. Commonwealth v. West, 312 Mass. 438, 441 (1942).
3. The defendants raise similar objections to the use of leading questions and the denial of their motions for a mistrial in the examination by the prosecutor of the witness Bucelwicz. The questions centered on whether Bucelwicz, prior to the trial, had had a conversation with the defendants about the events of September 23 and on whether the witness had been put in fear by the defendants. The witness' response to each of these questions was in the negative. The prosecutor was permitted to attempt to refresh the memory of the witness by referring to an alleged prior conversation with the prosecutor in the presence of a third person through the use of leading questions. As stated previously, the judge was within the bounds of discretion in allowing leading questions in these circumstances. Commonwealth v. Fiore, 364 Mass. 819, 825-826 (1974), and cases cited.
White's assignments of error 17 and 18; O'Master's assignments 14 and 15.
The judge forestalled the possibility of prejudice, which might have resulted from this line of questioning, by repeatedly instructing the jury that questions to which negative answers were given were not to be considered by them. It is our rule that jurors may normally be expected to follow instructions to disregard matters withdrawn from their consideration. Commonwealth v. Bellino, 320 Mass. 635, 645 (1947), cert. den. 330 U.S. 832 (1947). Commonwealth v. Crehan, 345 Mass. 609, 613 (1963). Commonwealth v. Gordon, 356 Mass. 598, 604 (1970). Contrast Commonwealth v. Fillippini, ante, 179, 187 (1974). The record does not establish that the questions of the prosecutor were without foundation or were put in bad faith. See Commonwealth v. Granito, 326 Mass. 494, 498 (1950).
4. The defendants moved for a mistrial based upon the direct examination by the prosecutor of a Boston police department detective. The detective was permitted, over the objection and exception of the defendants, to testify that Paaso had given him names (but not how many names) during the detective's conversation with him on the day following the assault. Since neither the question nor the answer implicated the defendants, the admission of the answer was harmless. All further questions put to the witness seeking to develop the circumstances leading to the arrest of the defendants were excluded by the judge. Following the exclusion of a question by the prosecutor, whether the defendants had at some time been placed in custody, the judge directed the jury to disregard the question and instructed them that the arrest or the placing in custody of an individual is no evidence of guilt or any indication of guilt. We assume that the jury heeded the timely instructions of the judge. Commonwealth v. Bellino, supra.
White's assignment of error 22; O'Master's assignment 18 and 19.
5. Finally, the defendants argue that comments by the prosecutor during closing argument were prejudicial and should have been struck. The prosecutor called attention to the defendants' appearance, to the testimony that they drove Cadillacs and to inferences which the jury might draw from the defendants' statement that "we are the power around here." He described the demeanor of the witness Bucelwicz while on the witness stand as "shaking in his boots," and again referred to the remark attributed by Paaso to the defendants, "we are the power."
White's assignment of error 26; O'Master's assignment 23.
Certain of the prosecutor's remarks in argument were ordered struck by the judge; and we need not consider other objections of the defendants to the argument to which appropriate exceptions and assignments of error were not taken, particularly where, as here, the record fails to reveal "a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice." Commonwealth v. Franks, 365 Mass. 74, 76 (1974). Commonwealth v. Foley, 358 Mass. 233, 236 (1970). The argument of the prosecutor appears to have been based upon the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the appearance of the defendants along with reasonable inferences which the jury might have drawn therefrom. The judge's instructions made it clear to the jury that arguments were not evidence and left to the collective memory of the jury the evaluation of the testimony. It is our conclusion that under standards of permissible argument the prosecutor's comments were not unreasonable. Commonwealth v. Velleco, 272 Mass. 94, 99 (1930). Commonwealth v. Smith, 342 Mass. 180, 187-188 (1961). Commonwealth v. Balakin, 356 Mass. 547, 550-553 (1969). Commonwealth v. Heard, 360 Mass. 855 (1971).
Other assignments of error not argued in the defendants' brief are deemed to have been waived. Rule 1:13 of the Appeals Court, 1 Mass. App. Ct. 889 (1972). Commonwealth v. Dominico, 1 Mass. App. Ct. 693, 723 (1974).
White's assignments of error 1-3, 5-7, 19-21, 23-25; O'Master's assignments 1, 3-5, 16, 17, 20-22.
Judgments affirmed.