Opinion
September 12, 1972.
December 1, 1972.
Present: TAURO, C.J., QUIRICO, BRAUCHER, HENNESSEY, JJ.
Search and Seizure. Arrest. Probable Cause.
Police officers who, under a valid warrant, discovered drugs in an apartment in which, according to a reliable informant, illegal drug activity had recently occurred and from which conversations about drugs had been overheard, had probable cause to arrest a defendant, known to one officer, who appeared at the apartment at the time at which a reliable informant said he would arrive with drugs. [658-661] A warrantless search, conducted incident to the arrest of a defendant prior to the effective date of Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, of a suitcase held by him was reasonable. [661]
TWO INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court on July 9, 1969.
An application for interlocutory appeal, filed in the Supreme Judicial Court for the county of Suffolk on November 27, 1970, was reserved and reported by Spiegel, J.
Henry D. Katz for the defendant.
Robert Snider, Assistant District Attorney ( Timothy J. Spillane, Jr., Assistant District Attorney, with him) for the Commonwealth.
Kane is charged, in two indictments, with possession of LSD, and possession of LSD with intent to sell it. After hearing, a pre-trial motion to suppress from evidence a quantity of LSD was denied by a Superior Court judge. A justice of this court allowed the defendant's application for an interlocutory appeal from the Superior Court judge's ruling. G.L.c. 278, § 28E.
We summarize the facts as found by the Superior Court judge. On May 22, 1969, a search warrant was issued authorizing a search for harmful drugs at apartment #2 at 124 Lake Shore Drive in Brighton. This warrant was issued in response to an application and supporting affidavit of a Boston police officer named Edward D. Simmons.
At approximately 10 P.M. on May 22, 1969, Detective Linsky of the Boston police received a message from a confidential informant who had given reliable information which had resulted in narcotics convictions in two specific instances in the past and on other unspecified occasions. This informant stated that ". . . Bobby Kane was going to the airport to meet a courier, or a man from California and was to return to the apartment at 124 Lake Shore Drive; and that Mr. Kane was to pick up a large quantity of L.S.D. tablets, which would be carried in a brown leather suitcase." The informant also described some of the clothing Kane would be wearing. Detective Linsky testified that he had known Kane since 1967, and had seen him on several occasions, but had never conversed with him.
A search pursuant to the warrant was conducted on May 23, 1969, by Detective Linsky, Officer Simmons and several other officers at apartment #2, 124 Lake Shore Road in Brighton. The search began at approximately 12:30 A.M. and was concluded in about two hours. In the apartment the police found LSD, cannabis, and paraphernalia for smoking cannabis. At approximately 2:30 A.M., there was a knock at the door and Officer O'Malley opened it and called Detective Linsky. Linsky came to the door and observed two men, one of whom was known to him as Robert Kane. Kane was carrying a brown leather suitcase and was wearing the previously described articles of clothing. Detective Linsky immediately placed both men under arrest.
While the search warrant was issued for Lake Shore Drive, this technical discrepancy is irrelevant to the issues presented by this case.
Linsky took Kane's bag into the apartment and searched it. In it he found 16,000 LSD tablets. The defendant was not resisting arrest, and Linsky stated that he did not know whether the bag contained a weapon. Further, Linsky disclosed that he did not attempt to get a search warrant for what he suspected was in the bag but merely opened it up and found a quantity of LSD.
Kane argues that his arrest was without probable cause and therefore the Superior Court judge erred in failing to suppress the LSD tablets discovered and seized pursuant to a warrantless search incidental to that illegal arrest. He also argues that, even if it is assumed that the arrest was valid, the warrantless search of his suitcase was beyond the permissible scope of a search incidental to an arrest, and that the evidence should have been suppressed for that reason.
1. Kane contends that his arrest was without probable cause in that it was based upon the uncorroborated tip of an informant. We do not agree. We conclude that there was probable cause for Kane's arrest. We recently examined the constitutional issues arising out of a search and seizure after an informant's tip to police ( Commonwealth v. Stevens, ante, 24), and we need do no more here than briefly summarize the following applicable principles. Credibility of the hearsay information supplied by an informant is established by meeting two requirements, viz. (1) there should be underlying facts and circumstances indicating the informant's reliability and (2) there should be underlying facts and circumstances on which the informant bases his tip that the defendant is engaged in criminal activity. An arrest and search may be upheld where the informant's tip fails for some reason to meet the above two-pronged test, provided that the tip is sufficiently corroborated by other sources. Various kinds of acceptable corroborations are discussed in the Stevens case, supra.
In the instant case the reliability of the informant was shown by the accuracy of similar information that had resulted in convictions in prior cases. However, there was no showing that the informant had disclosed underlying facts upon which he based his information. Nevertheless, the Commonwealth argues that there is sufficient corroboration because the informant accurately predicted the appearance, conduct and behavior of the defendant in substantial detail just as in Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307. Kane maintains that the predictions of the informant fall short of meeting the requirements of the Draper case, particularly in that there was no evidence that Kane was at the Logan airport that night, or that he met a courier at the airport, or received a package from California. Compare Commonwealth v. Rossetti, 349 Mass. 626, and Von Utter v. Tulloch, 426 F.2d 1 (1st Cir.).
The Commonwealth, in its brief, sets out the following comparison between this case and the Draper case:
"Draper Kane
a) a federal narcotics officer, a) a Boston Police Officer, Linsky; Marsh;
b) with 29 years of experience; b) with 11 years of experience;
c) received a tip from an informant, c) received a tip by an informant, one Hereford; unidentified;
d) utilized for about 6 months; d) Known to him for 4 years;
e) and who from time to time e) and who had in the past provided provided Marsh with information Linsky with reliable regarding narcotic and accurate information violations found always to concerning violations leading be reliable and accurate; to several narcotic convictions;
f) on September 7, Hereford f) on May 22, 1970, at 10:00 p.m. told Marsh that Draper had the informant told Linsky gone to Chicago the day that Bobby Kane was going before by train; to the airport to meet a courier from California; g) that he was going to bring g) that he was going to pick up back 3 ounces of heroin; a large quantity of LSD tablets; h) that he would be carrying a h) which would be carried in a tan zipper bag; brown leather suitcase;
i) when he would return by i) and that he would return to train to Denver either on the apartment at 124 Lake the morning of September 8 Shore Drive; or September 9;
j) that Draper was a negro of j) that Kane had a mustache, light brown complexion, 27 sideburns and black hair; years old, 5 feet, 8 inches tall, weighing about 160 lbs.;
k) and that he would be wearing k) and that he would be wearing a light colored raincoat, striped bellbottom pants brown slacks and black and tan chino jacket; shoes;
l) Marsh arrested Draper without l) Linsky arrested Kane without a warrant on September a warrant at 2:30 a.m. 9, at the station and on May 23, 1970; searched his person and found heroin;
m) and searched the brown zipper m) and searched the suitcase bag and found a syringe. and found 16,000 LSD tablets".
(Transcript references under the heading, "Kane," have been omitted.)
Even assuming the correctness of Kane's contention that the considerable correlation between Kane's appearance and conduct, and the predictions of the informant, are not sufficient under the Draper case, the police had additional corroboration within their personal knowledge at the time of the arrest. They had already discovered cannabis and LSD in the apartment when Kane, suspected of carrying LSD, knocked on the door. The police also had information from a reliable informant that illegal activity with drugs had occurred in recent days in the apartment, and they had overheard conversations concerning cannabis from the apartment. All of this knowledge lent significance to the conduct of Kane and constituted probable cause for his arrest. See Commonwealth v. Chaisson, 358 Mass. 587; Commonwealth v. Cohen, 359 Mass. 140; United States v. Newsome, 432 F.2d 51, 53 (5th Cir.); Buelna-Mendoza v. United States, 435 F.2d 1386, 1388 (9th Cir.); United States v. Birdsong, 446 F.2d 325, 327-328 (5th Cir.).
The findings of the judge show that the search of the apartment started at approximately 12:30 A.M. and took about two hours to complete. Kane knocked on the door at 2:30 A.M.
These facts concerning the apartment had been included by the police in an affidavit accompanying their application on May 22, 1969, for the warrant to search the apartment. Kane appropriately does not argue that the search of the apartment was illegal. His standing to make such an argument does not appear in evidence. Further, the affidavit asserts sufficient facts to show probable cause for search of the apartment.
2. Kane also argues that, even if his arrest was valid, the warrantless search of his suitcase was illegal. He relies principally upon the case of Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 759-761, and subsequent related cases. Since the suitcase was in the possession of the police, and beyond Kane's reach, he asserts that there was no exigency which justified the search without a warrant.
Kane's reliance on the Chimel case and subsequent cases is misplaced. The search of Kane took place on May 23, 1969. The effective date of the Chimel case was June 23, 1969, and that decision is not retroactive. Williams v. United States, 401 U.S. 646, 651. The pertinent inquiry (pre- Chimel) is whether the search of the suitcase incidental to Kane's arrest was reasonable. United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56. Under the law then applicable, the search clearly was reasonable. Harris v. United States, 331 U.S. 145.
Although we need not decide the question, there is some basis for concluding that the search was valid even under the rule of the Chimel case. United States v. Mehciz, 437 F.2d 145 (9th Cir.). But see United States v. Colbert, 454 F.2d 801 (5th Cir.), and Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 61-65.
3. The order of the judge denying the motion to suppress was correct. The case is to be remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.