Summary
In Commonwealth v. Globe Indemnity Company, 323 Pa. 261, 266, 185 A. 796, Mr. Justice LINN, speaking for this court, said with respect to the effect of a forgery, — 'Being a forgery, section 23 declares that "it is wholly inoperative" and confers "no right to retain the instrument, or to give a discharge therefor, or to enforce payment thereof against any party thereto" unless the drawer is estopped' (Emphasis supplied).
Summary of this case from Coffin v. Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co.Opinion
April 29, 1936.
June 26, 1936.
Negotiable instruments — Checks — Payee — Bearer — Fictitious or nonexistent persons — Forgery of endorsement — Effect — Proximate causation — Duty of drawee bank — Notice to bank — Knowledge of fraudulent agent — Impersonation cases — Commonwealth — Act of May 16, 1901, P. L. 194.
1. Under section 9 (3) of the Negotiable Instruments Law of May 16, 1901, P. L. 194, which provides that an instrument is payable to bearer when it is payable to the order of a fictitious or non-existing person, and such fact was known to the person making it so payable, a name is fictitious when it is feigned or pretended, and a nonexistent person is one who does not exist in the sense that he was not intended to be the payee by the drawer. [265-6]
2. Under section 23 of the Act of 1901, where a signature is forged or made without the authority of the person whose signature it purports to be, it is wholly inoperative, and no right to retain the instrument, or to give a discharge therefor, or to enforce payment thereof against any party thereto, can be acquired through or under such signature, unless the party against whom it is sought to enforce such right is precluded from setting up the forgery or want of authority. [266]
3. The making of any false instrument, which is the subject of forgery, with a fraudulent intent, constitutes a forgery, although made in the name of a nonexistent person. [266]
4. A bank must know the drawer's signature, and, generally, it takes the risk of the payee's endorsement, unless the drawer makes a sufficient representation with regard to it. [267-8]
5. Prompt notice, within the meaning of the rule that notice of forged endorsements must be given promptly to the drawee bank, varies with circumstances. [267-8]
6. The rule that where a particular person is intended and designated as payee, it is immaterial by what name he is called, and such payee may endorse and payment to him will be good, held not applicable to this case. [270]
7. The rule that knowledge or notice of a fraud to an agent in the course of his employment is notice to the principal does not apply where the agent, through notice to whom knowledge is to be imputed to the principal, is himself the author of the fraud. [267]
8. Marcus v. People's National Bank, 57 Pa. Super. 345, disapproved. [268-70]
9. Statutes provide for the condemnation and slaughter of tubercular cattle and the payment of compensation for cattle so taken. A clerk in the department administering the subject fabricated papers showing amounts payable to various persons as owners of cattle, when in fact no claims had been presented or liability accrued. These false papers moved from the department of origin to the auditor general and the state treasurer, charged with the duty of drawing checks in payment of lawful claims, in such way that, without discovery of the fraud by the fiscal officers of the State, checks were drawn as in the case of valid claims, the alleged claimant in each case being named as payee of the check. In the course of business these checks were sent by mail addressed to the payees at the post-office addresses stated in the papers. Subsequently the unfaithful employee and a confederate obtained the checks from the post offices to which the mail had been sent, and then cashed or negotiated the checks, first endorsing the name of the payee. Upon discovery of the fraud, the Commonwealth examined thousands of checks to secure those involved, and, within twenty-one days, all the checks then found to have forged endorsements were presented to the drawee bank with a request that the Commonwealth's account be credited in the sum of those checks theretofore charged against the account. The request was refused. The Commonwealth entered judgment on the bond of the surety for the bank. A rule to open judgment was discharged.
Held that (1) the checks were not payable to bearer; that (2) the alleged endorsement of the payee's name was a forgery; that (3) the checks were not susceptible of genuine endorsement; that (4) drawing and mailing the checks to the addresses stated in the papers was not the proximate cause of the payment made by the bank; that (5) it was immaterial that the fraud was initiated by an employee of the Commonwealth; that (6) it was immaterial that before discovery of the fraud, the Commonwealth knew that its account had been debited by the bank from time to time with the amount of the checks; that (7) in the circumstances, prompt notice was given to the bank; that (8) the Commonwealth was not precluded from setting up the forgery; and that (9) the defendant surety was liable. [264-70]
Before SCHAFFER, MAXEY, DREW, LINN, STERN and BARNES, JJ.
Appeal, No. 228, Jan. T., 1936, by defendant, from order of C. P. No. 4, Phila. Co., March T., 1931, No. 1826, in case of Commonwealth v. Globe Indemnity Company. Judgment affirmed.
Proceeding to open judgment entered on bond of surety.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Supreme Court, and in the opinion of the lower court, reported in 21 Pa. D. C. 610.
Rule to show cause discharged, opinion by FINLETTER, P. J. Defendant, surety, appealed.
Error assigned was discharge of rule.
Arthur Littleton, with him Alton W. Lick, of Hause, Evans, Storey Lick, Murdoch K. Goodwin and Morgan, Lewis Bockius, for appellant.
Grover C. Ladner, Deputy Attorney General, with him Charles J. Margiotti, Attorney General, for appellee.
Argued April 29, 1936.
The Commonwealth maintained a checking account with Diamond National Bank of Pittsburgh, hereafter called the bank. The bank gave its bond to the Commonwealth conditioned to disburse the deposit on its order. The Commonwealth also took the bond of the Globe Indemnity Company, hereafter called the surety, conditioned for the performance by the bank of its contract. This bond contained a warrant to confess judgment. Alleging breach of the bank's contract, the Commonwealth entered judgment against the surety and assessed damages in a sum of $28,141.83. The surety petitioned for a rule to show cause why the judgment should not be opened to allow the surety to defend. The rule was granted; the Commonwealth answered; a stipulation of facts was filed by both parties and the court discharged the rule. Subsequently the case was opened to permit the parties to take depositions and for oral argument. Depositions were taken and on the record so amended the learned court below again discharged the rule. This appeal followed.
Controlling facts may be stated briefly. Statutes provide for the condemnation and slaughter of tubercular cattle and the payment of compensation for cattle so taken. The department administering the subject prepares papers covering each claim or case; these papers result in action by the auditor general and the state treasurer pursuant to which the treasurer issues the Commonwealth's check to pay the owner of the cattle. A clerk named Thomas, employed in the department charged with assembling these records, fabricated papers showing amounts payable to various persons as owners of cattle when in fact no claims had been presented or liability accrued. He placed these false papers with valid records that were moving from the department of origin to the fiscal officers charged with duty of drawing checks in payment of lawful claims. This was done in such way that, without discovery of the fraud by the auditor general or the state treasurer, checks were drawn as in the case of valid claims, the alleged claimant in each case being named as payee of the check. In the course of business these checks were sent by mail addressed to the payees at the post-office addresses stated in the papers. After the checks had been mailed, Thomas and a confederate went to the post offices to which this mail had been sent, and, presumably, by representing themselves to be the addressees, obtained the checks. By various methods, not now important, they either negotiated them through a third person, or cashed them at banks other than the drawee bank, or had them collected by other banks, first endorsing the name of the payee. This continued for some time without discovery, according to this record, apparently from January 9, 1928, to and including August 20, 1929. On November 6, 1929, the fraud was discovered. The Commonwealth then, in the words of the agreement of facts, "took steps to gather together all of the checks involved herein, a considerable task involving handling thousands upon thousands of checks and securing only those checks which are the subject of this transaction." On November 23d and again on November 27, 1929, all the checks then found to have forged endorsements were presented to the bank with a request that the Commonwealth's account be credited in the sum of those checks theretofore charged against the account. The request was refused.
Act of June 1, 1915, P. L. 667, 3 PS section 393.
Section 9 (3) of the Negotiable Instruments Law of 1901, P. L. 194, 196, 56 PS section 14, provides, "The instrument is payable to bearer: . . . 3. When it is payable to the order of a fictitious or nonexisting person, and such fact was known to the person making it so payable. . . ." The payees were fictitious or nonexistent persons but that fact was not known to the Commonwealth's fiscal officers who drew the checks. Within the terms of the statute a name is fictitious when it is feigned or pretended, and a nonexistent person is one who does not exist in the sense that he was not intended to be the payee by the drawer. See Snyder v. Corn Exchange Nat. Bank, 221 Pa. 599, 606 et seq., 70 A. 876. In drawing the check to the order of the payee the Commonwealth was not intending that an imaginary person or a nonexistent person should as the payee take the check. The checks were therefore not payable to bearer.
Section 23, 56 PS section 28, provides: "When a signature is forged or made without the authority of the person whose signature it purports to be, it is wholly inoperative, and no right to retain the instrument, or to give a discharge therefor, or to enforce payment thereof against any party thereto, can be acquired through or under such signature, unless the party against whom it is sought to enforce such right is precluded from setting up the forgery or want of authority." The alleged endorsement of the payee's name was a forgery: Com. v. Bachop, 2 Pa. Super. 294; Com. v. Smith, 6 S. R. 568; the drawer had not intended that Thomas should endorse the payee's name. Being a forgery, section 23 declares that "it is wholly inoperative" and confers "no right to retain the instrument, or to give a discharge therefor, or to enforce payment thereof against any party thereto" unless the drawer is estopped. Is the Commonwealth "precluded from setting up the forgery"?
The first proposition presented in appellant's brief is: "The checks when put in circulation by the Commonwealth were not susceptible of a genuine endorsement." The record shows conclusively that that proposition is sound and, as the Commonwealth did not intend to make the checks payable to any identified person regardless of name, or to a fictitious or nonexistent person, appellant's proposition would seem to end its case.
If the checks were not susceptible of endorsement and the bank nevertheless made payment, it could not debit the drawer's account, and, having violated its contract by doing so, the surety became liable. It also follows that if the checks were not susceptible of endorsement, drawing and mailing them to the addressees, as stated above, could not be the proximate cause of the payment made by the bank. The drawer could not have anticipated that, after they were drawn and mailed, Thomas and his confederate would by misrepresentation get them from the mails and that the bank would honor them. The most ordinary precautions usually expected to be taken by a banker (see United Security Life, etc., Co. v. Central Nat. Bank, 185 Pa. 586, 40 A. 97, and particularly the report of the master, Richard C. Dale, at page 591 et seq.) asked to cash or credit the checks would, if taken, have at once disclosed that the holder had no title. It is immaterial that the fraud was initiated by an employee of the Commonwealth: United Security Life, etc., Co. v. Central Nat. Bank, supra; Nat. Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Mellon Nat. Bank, 276 Pa. 212, 222, 119 A. 910; Shipman v. Bank, 126 N.Y. 318, 27 N.E. 371. It is also immaterial that before the discovery of the fraud, the Commonwealth knew that its account had been debited by the bank from time to time with the amount of these checks. The bank must know the drawer's signature, but, generally, it takes the risk of the payee's endorsement; with that the drawer has nothing to do unless he makes some representation with regard to it and none was made here. The drawer, assuming the burden of proof of such facts, may show mistake or fraud in the debits to his account made by the bank. In this case the facts are clear.
It is also said that the Commonwealth was negligent in giving notice. As to forged endorsements the rule is that notice must be given promptly. That of course varies with the circumstances. Here the fact stipulated is that "thousands upon thousands of checks" had to be examined to select those involved; it required, as to one batch, 17 days, and as to another, 21 days. In the circumstances that was prompt notice. See McNeely Co. v. Bank of North America, 221 Pa. 588, 70 A. 891; Connors v. Old Forge Discount and Deposit Bank, 245 Pa. 97, 91 A. 210; Lesley v. Ewing, 248 Pa. 135, 93 A. 875.
The facts bring the case so clearly within the portions of the Negotiable Instruments Act quoted above that reference to decisions seems unnecessary but in view of the argument of the learned counsel for the appellant that under Marcus v. People's Nat. Bank, 57 Pa. Super. 345, and Market St. Title Trust Co. v. Chelten Tr. Co., 296 Pa. 230, 236, 145 A. 848, the Commonwealth is not entitled to recover, a word may be said about them.
It is impossible to consider the decision in the Marcus case consistent with the Negotiable Instruments Act. Marcus dealt with Moskovitz, who represented to him that a client named Kirst owned real estate and wished to borrow money on it. Marcus agreed to lend. Upon receipt of a bond and mortgage apparently signed by Kirst, Marcus drew his check to the order of Kirst and handed it to Moskovitz for delivery to his client. Kirst was nonexistent. Moskovitz endorsed Kirst's name on the check and also his own; the bank then paid the check. As soon as Marcus learned of the fraud, he demanded that his account be corrected and on the bank's refusal, brought suit. A nonsuit was entered by the trial court and was affirmed in the Superior Court. It was held that Marcus could not recover; apparently, as we understand it, that he was precluded from making the defense of forgery. The court said, "The whole transaction was between the plaintiff and Moskovitz so far as the pretended lending of money and the payment by the plaintiff to the borrowers were concerned. The effect of the drawing of the checks on the bank was an implied representation by the drawer that the payees were existing persons and yet there could not be a genuine endorsement of such papers. It is not reasonable to charge the bank with the consequences of the payment of a forged endorsement when the plaintiff put in circulation checks which were not susceptible of a genuine endorsement." It is to be noted that Marcus did not draw his check to the order of Moskovitz and did not intend that Moskovitz should be the payee. He intended that Kirst should be the payee and so stated on the check. He had been told, falsely, as it turned out, that Kirst was an existing person who made the mortgage and was entitled to the money. Marcus therefore did not intend to name, and did not know that he was naming a fictitious or nonexistent person and therefore under section 9, subsection 3, the check was not to be regarded as payable to bearer. The mistake he made was not an act which precluded him from setting up the forgery. Indeed, if the bank had kept its contract by proper investigation before payment, Marcus would have been saved from the consequences of his mistake. That case must be considered disapproved.
The appellant also relies on Market St. Title Tr. Co. v. Chelten Tr. Co., 296 Pa. 230, 145 A. 848, in which a check was erroneously drawn by a bank to a named payee when another payee was in fact entitled. It was a controversy between a bank that drew its own check and a bank which collected the check and the actual decision does not help the appellant. The bank drew its check in the course of a real estate settlement but, instead of making it payable to the person entitled to the money, by some mistake named another payee and sent the check by mail to the address of the payee who collected the money. The payee was neither fictitious nor nonexistent. The drawer's intention, so far as expressed on the face of the check, and by the fact of mailing it, was that the payee should receive the proceeds. On this point, also, the appellant relies on States v. First Nat. Bank of Montrose, 17 Pa. Super. 256, and 203 Pa. 69, 52 A. 13, a transaction arising prior to the passage of the Negotiable Instruments Act. In that case a draft was drawn to a person who was dead although the drawer was not aware of it. He mailed the draft to what he supposed was the address of the payee. It was received by another person who forged the name of the payee and collected the draft. Four years after he discovered the fraud the drawer brought an action against the bank; recovery was denied; the only ground upon which the decision can be justified is that the drawer sued too late.
It is also obvious from what has been said that the cases of impersonation, the so-called "imposter" cases, do not help appellant. They depend on the drawer's intention, a test applied by the weight of authority; the drawer is precluded (section 23) by that. If a particular person is intended and designated as payee, it is immaterial to the drawer by what name he is called; he may endorse and payment to him will be good (as was decided in Land Title Tr. Co. v. Northwestern Nat. Bank, 196 Pa. 230, 46 A. 420) because such payment accords with the drawer's intention. But if any intention may be attributed to the Commonwealth in drawing and mailing the checks involved in this case, it is limited by what was stated on the check and by mailing it; there was here no additional evidence of intention such as handing the check to the person intended as, for example, in Land Title Tr. Co.'s case, which precluded the drawer from asserting that it intended the payee to be the person who owned the property and not the person who was present at the settlement, answering to the name of and claiming to be the owner. Compare Real Estate, etc., Co. v. United Security Trust Co., 303 Pa. 273, 154 A. 593.
Brannan, Negotiable Instruments Law, 5th edition, page 311.
The judgment is affirmed.