Our research reveals, and the parties have cited, no Pennsylvania cases directly on point. The prosecution relies on Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 567 A.2d 701 (1989), for authority that the Magazine was probative and admissible. However, that case differs significantly from the instant case.
It would be difficult to conceive of a trial at which the prosecution's evidence was not prejudicial to the defendant. Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 567 A.2d 701 (1989). "The difficulty arises when the evidence is so prejudicial that it sweeps the [fact finder] beyond a rational consideration of guilt or innocence of the crime on trial."
It would be difficult to conceive of a trial at which the prosecution's evidence was not prejudicial to the defendant. Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 567 A.2d 701 (1989). "The difficulty arises when the evidence is so prejudicial that it sweeps the [fact finder] beyond a rational consideration of guilt or innocence of the crime on trial."
Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 372 Pa. Super. 88, 96, 538 A.2d 1363, 1368 (1988). See also: Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 482, 567 A.2d 701, 706 (1989); Commonwealth v. Copeland, 381 Pa. Super. 382, 387, 554 A.2d 54, 56 (1988). "Relevant evidence is usually probative.
Commonwealth v. Story, 476 Pa. 391, 412, 383 A.2d 155, 166 (1978). See also: Commonwealth v. Correa, 423 Pa. Super. 57, 70 n. 9, 620 A.2d 497, 504 n. 9 (1993); Commonwealth v. Foy, 531 Pa. 322, 325, 612 A.2d 1349, 1352 (1992); Commonwealth v.Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 480, 567 A.2d 701, 705 (1989), allo.denied, 525 Pa. 597, 575 A.2d 563 (1990). My examination of the record precludes a determination that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.
Notwithstanding, the trial judge considered these claims in his opinion to this court. Therefore the issues are properly before us. See Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 567 A.2d 701 (1989) (where the trial court considered an amended post-trial motion on the merits of the issue without granting permission for the defendant to file nunc pro tunc, the issue was not waived). Appellant contends that the Commonwealth failed to sustain its burden of disproving his affirmative defense of self-defense.
Admission and/or exclusion is a matter squarely within the discretion of the trial court. Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 567 A.2d 701 (1989), citing Commonwealth v.Cargo, 498 Pa. 5, 444 A.2d 639 (1982). A trial court's ruling on admissibility will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion.
"Evidence is relevant if it tends to make more or less probable the existence of some fact material to the case, it tends to establish facts in issue or when to some degree advances the inquiry and thus has probative value." Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 482, 567 A.2d 701, 706 (1989). See also: Commonwealth v. Shain, 324 Pa. Super. 456, 471 A.2d 1246 (1984).
The Supreme Court has acknowledged the flexibility of the rules when trial courts have taken under advisement or consideration, petitions filed by counsel even after time for filing has passed. See Commonwealth v. Sheaff, 365 Pa. Super. 613, 530 A.2d 480 (1987); see also Commonwealth v. Moore, 389 Pa. Super. 473, 567 A.2d 701 (1989). I believe the appeal of May 5, 1989, is, therefore, timely, and is clearly permitted by a reasonable application of Rules 105 and 1701 to the procedure in this case, as followed in the trial court.
We are bolstered in this position by recent Supreme Court decisions which have permitted review by this Court, even when in violation of procedural rules, when the trial court has entertained the petition and ruled upon it. See Commonwealth v.Sheaff, 518 Pa. 655, 544 A.2d 1342 (1988) (Table), reversingCommonwealth v. Sheaff, 365 Pa. Super. 613, 530 A.2d 480 (1987); also see Commonwealth v. Moore, 369 Pa. Super. 473, 567 A.2d 701 (1989). Order affirmed as to the first five convictions dating from October 7, 1982 to October 4, 1984.