Opinion
November 11, 1974.
December 11, 1974.
Criminal Law — Practice — Post Conviction Hearing Act — Evidentiary hearing — Dismissal of petition without evidentiary hearing — Allegation of incompetent counsel — Hearing denied because of trial judge's association with counsel and recollection of case — Claims for evidentiary hearing to be given every legitimate benefit.
1. In this case, the defendant filed a petition under the Post Conviction Hearing Act which was dismissed without an evidentiary hearing. The defendant alleged incompetent counsel as the sole basis for relief and stated that he consulted with his attorney for only five minutes before trial and that as a result his attorney was not able to contact a witness necessary for his defense. In his opinion, the judge of the court below based his denial of a hearing on his personal association with the defendant's attorney and on his recollection of the case which he had tried. It was Held that the court below erred in refusing to grant an evidentiary hearing.
2. "If a petition alleges facts that if proven would entitle the petitioner to relief, the court shall grant a hearing which may extend only to the issues raised in the petition or answer. However, the court may deny a hearing if the petitioner's claim is patently frivolous and is without a trace of support either in the record or from other evidence submitted by the petitioner." Post Conviction Hearing Act, Section 1180-9.
3. Petitioners under the Post Conviction Hearing Act must be given every conceivable legitimate benefit in the disposition of their claims for an evidentiary hearing.
4. When the issue involved is the effectiveness of counsel, a hearing must ordinarily be held to resolve the question.
5. A mere allegation of scant preparation time is not sufficient basis to grant a new trial.
6. It was Held in this case that the trial judge's recollection of the case was not dispositive of the defendant's factual claims, and recitation of the defendant's attorney's reputation does not establish the fact that in the instant case the attorney handled the charges against the defendant competently.
7. Absent the safeguards built into an evidentiary hearing, an appellate court has no way to determine the accuracy of the trial judge's memory of past events.
Before WATKINS, P.J., JACOBS, HOFFMAN, CERCONE, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, and SPAETH, JJ.
Appeal, No. 304, April T., 1974, from order of Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Allegheny County, May T., 1971, No. 3575, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Calvin Johnson. Case remanded for an evidentiary hearing.
Petition for post-conviction relief.
Order entered dismissing petition, opinion by REILLY, P.J., specially presiding. Defendant appealed.
John R. Cook, Trial Defender, John J. Dean, Chief, Appellate Division, and George H. Ross, Public Defender, for appellant.
Louis R. Paulick and Robert L. Eberhardt, Assistant District Attorneys, John M. Tighe, First Assistant District Attorney, and John J. Hickton, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
JACOBS, J., dissented.
Submitted November 11, 1974.
Appellant contends that it was error for the court below to dismiss his petition under the Post Conviction Hearing Act, Act of January 25, P.L. (1965) 1580, 19 P. S. § 1180-1 et seq., Supp. 1971, without holding an evidentiary hearing.
In July, 1971, appellant was tried by a judge sitting without a jury in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County. Appellant was found guilty of attempt with intent to kill, violation of the Uniform Firearms Act, pointing firearms, and obstructing an officer in the execution of legal process. Appellant was sentenced on the first charge to a term of imprisonment of two and one-half to five years. Sentence on the other charges was suspended.
Counsel for appellant filed motions in arrest of judgment and for a new trial subsequent to the verdict of guilt. The court denied the motions in December, 1971. The conviction was affirmed per curiam by this Court, Commonwealth v. Johnson, 221 Pa. Super. 817, 291 A.2d 913 (1972); allocatur was denied by the Supreme Court on September 20, 1972.
On October 16, 1973, the appellant filed a petition under § 1180-9 of the Post Conviction Hearing Act wherein he alleged incompetent counsel as the sole basis for relief. In March, 1974, the judge who presided at the original trial dismissed the petition without an evidentiary hearing.
In his opinion, the judge based his denial of a hearing on his personal association with the appellant's attorney and on his recollection of the case which he had tried: "The defendant-petitioner was represented by Jacob Shulgold, Esquire. Few attorneys and certainly none currently practicing have had as many, many years criminal trial experience as has Mr. Shulgold. . . . [H]e was recognized as an able trial lawyer and earned himself the respect and esteem of the bar and bench as well. The Court concludes from a clear recollection of the proceedings in this case that in all respects the defendant-petitioner was represented in a highly capable and professional manner by Mr. Shulgold."
Section 1180-9 of the Act provides that "If a petition alleges facts that if proven would entitle the petitioner to relief, the court shall grant a hearing which may extend only to the issues raised in the petition or answer. However, the court may deny a hearing if the petitioner's claim is patently frivolous and is without a trace of support either in the record or from other evidence submitted by the petitioner." See, also, Commonwealth v. Davis, 433 Pa. 267, 249 A.2d 766 (1969); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 431 Pa. 522, 246 A.2d 345 (1968); Commonwealth v. Dennis, 427 Pa. 69, 233 A.2d 525 (1967). Our Court has interpreted § 1180-9 as requiring that "petitioners under the Act be given every conceivable legitimate benefit in the disposition of their claims for an evidentiary hearing." Commonwealth v. Nahodil, 212 Pa. Super. 77, 79, 239 A.2d 840 (1968). Further, when the issue involved is the effectiveness of counsel, a hearing must ordinarily be held to resolve the question. Commonwealth v. Nash, 436 Pa. 519, 261 A.2d 314 (1970).
Appellant alleged that he consulted with his attorney for only five minutes before trial, and that as a result, his attorney was not able to contact a witness necessary for appellant's defense. The Commonwealth argues that because the effectiveness of a trial lawyer cannot be measured by the length of time spent in preparation, (citing Commonwealth ex rel. Davis v. Maroney, 206 Pa. Super. 68, 210 A.2d 920 (1965)), we can reject appellant's claim that five minutes was insufficient preparation time.
The Commonwealth's reliance on Davis, however, is unfounded. A mere allegation of scant preparation time obviously is not a sufficient basis to grant a new trial; as stated in Davis, at 72-73: "[a] case lacking in legal complexities . . . does not demand lengthy pretrial research, study or investigation." If appellant's allegation that his attorney did not follow up a bona fide lead is true, however, the brevity of pre-trial consultation is relevant to the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. If such an exculpatory witness existed, counsel would have been hard-pressed to secure the witness five minutes prior to trial. From the record we cannot resolve the issue. The question is one of fact; the evidentiary hearing guaranteed by the PCHA is designed to resolve such factual issues.
Nor is the trial judge's recollection of the case dispositive of appellant's factual claim. Recitation of appellant's attorney's reputation does not establish the fact that in the instant case the attorney handled the charges against appellant competently. The Supreme Court faced a similar issue in Commonwealth v. Zaffina, 432 Pa. 435, 248 A.2d 5 (1968): "Nor do we find persuasive the conclusion of the hearing judge that Mr. Kalson [trial counsel] is `an experienced and able member of the bar.' While this finding is not questioned, it is hardly dispositive of the issue whether on this occasion the appellant was fully informed of his right to appeal. . . ." 432 Pa. at 440, 248 A.2d at 8. Further, the court's recollection of the trial cannot justify a denial of a hearing. First, the judge's recollection is untested and off the record; therefore, absent the safeguards built into an evidentiary hearing, we have no way to discover the accuracy of the judge's memory of past events. Cf. Zaffina, supra. Appellant has a right to present testimony and to cross-examine counsel even if the same judge presides at the PCHA hearing and at trial. Second, the judge's recollection is insufficient basis to deny a hearing because appellant's factual allegation goes to an event which occurred before trial and was, therefore, not within the trial court's knowledge or recollection.
Because appellant alleges facts that "if proven would entitle [him] to relief", the court below erred in denying appellant an evidentiary hearing at which he could have attempted to prove those facts. We, therefore, remand for an evidentiary hearing as provided by the Post Conviction Hearing Act.
JACOBS, J., dissents.