Summary
finding portion of noncompete clause that prohibited employee from "contribut[ing] [employee's] knowledge to any work or activity" that is competitive to employer "prohibits [employee] from engaging in any competing business even when that competition does not involve the use of any confidential information, trade secret, goodwill or unique or extraordinary skills."
Summary of this case from AmSpec, LLC v. CalhounOpinion
No. 06-3043.
Argued February 5, 2007.
Decided March 22, 2007. Rehearing Denied April 9, 2007.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, James F. Holderman, Chief Judge.
Peter R. Bulmer, Cathryn E. Albrecht, Jackson Lewis, Chicago, IL, Conrad S. Kee (argued), Jackson Lewis, Stamford, CT, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Shayle P. Fox (argued), Holland Knight, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and ROVNER and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
Both CertainTeed Corporation and IKO Industries Ltd. make roofing tiles. Jerome Williams managed one of Certain-Teed's plants in Texas from 2002 through April 2006, when he transferred his flag to IKO, becoming manager of its new plant in Kankakee, Illinois. CertainTeed then filed this suit under the diversity jurisdiction, seeking an injunction to enforce a promise that Williams had made as a condition of his promotion to plant manager in 2002. Williams signed a contract containing this language:
I shall not, without [CertainTeed's consent] . . . during the one year period following termination of my employment with the Company, engage in or contribute my knowledge to any work or activity that involves a product, process, apparatus, service or development (i) which is then competitive with or similar to a product, process, apparatus, service or development on which I worked or (ii) with respect to which I had access to Confidential Information while at the Company at any time during the period prior to such termination. The preceding sentence shall not apply if my employment is terminated by the Company without cause. The above one year period shall not run during any period in which I am in violation of this paragraph.
Williams's job as a plant manager for IKO violates this promise. He argues, however, that the promise is invalid under Pennsylvania law, which the contract's choice-of-law clause specifies. (CertainTeed's headquarters are in Pennsylvania.)
After holding a hearing on Certain-Teed's request for a preliminary injunction, the district court concluded that Pennsylvania would not enforce clause (i) of the language we have quoted. Although the court deemed clause (ii) valid, and although the evidence establishes (without dispute) that Williams had access at CertainTeed to confidential information that could be put to use at IKO's new plant, the district court declined to provide any relief because CertainTeed did not demonstrate that Williams has used its confidential information in his new job. CertainTeed Corp. v. Williams, 2006 WL 1762660, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 43199 (N.D. Ill. June 27, 2006). The court credited testimony to the effect that it is possible for Williams to do his job without drawing on confidential knowledge he gained at CertainTeed. That plus the absence of proof that Williams had used confidential information (CertainTeed conceded that it had no such evidence) was dispositive in the district judge's eyes.
Pennsylvania enforces restrictive covenants that are "reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer's protectible business interests" such as trade secrets and other confidential information, if the restrictions "are reasonably limited in duration and geographic extent." Hess v. Gebhard Co., 570 Pa. 148, 162, 157, 808 A.2d 912 (2002). See also, e.g., Barb-Lee Mobile Frame Co. v. Hoot, 416 Pa. 222, 206 A.2d 59 (1965); Omicron Systems, Inc. v. Weiner, 860 A.2d 554 (Pa.Super. 2004). Williams does not argue that one year is too long, or that the geographic scope is excessive (competition in shingles is national if not international), so the question becomes whether the restriction is "reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer's protectible business interests". In holding clause (ii) valid, the district court gave an affirmative answer. Yet if clause (ii) is valid, why must CertainTeed show that Williams actually used its confidential information? A demand for such proof amounts to saying that Pennsylvania never enforces non-competition clauses and will enforce only contracts that limit the misappropriation of trade secrets. That view contradicts Hess and the district court's own recognition that clause (ii) is valid as a matter of Pennsylvania law.
One reason why employers solicit promises such as clause (ii) in addition to promises not to use confidential information is that it may be very difficult to show that the ex-employee has used confidential information. Williams has a great deal of information about CertainTeed's manufacturing processes that could be valuable to IKO and that IKO has no other way of learning. (Witnesses testified that manufacturing processes cannot be inferred from inspecting or reverse engineering the finished shingles.) Williams may be tempted to use this knowledge to make his new plant more efficient. Has he yielded to temptation? Unless Williams confesses, CertainTeed may have no way to tell — the same limits on reverse engineering that prevent IKO from learning how CertainTeed makes its shingles also prevent CertainTeed from learning (from IKO's finished product) whether IKO has used CertainTeed's secret processes.
Keeping a business executive with a wealth of information from taking an equivalent position at a rival is "reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer's protectible business interests" when the executive's use of trade secrets would be hard to detect. The district court did not address the questions whether (a) Williams's position at IKO is one in which he would be tempted to put CertainTeed's information to use, and (b) whether, if a plant manager yielded to this temptation, CertainTeed could detect the transgression. Williams maintains that only "inevitable" use of confidential information allows relief, but that position lacks any footing in Pennsylvania law.
The evidence in the record all but compels an affirmative answer to the first question, which entitles CertainTeed to a preliminary injunction pending a hearing on its request for permanent relief. Question (b) can be addressed at that hearing; for that matter, the parties are free to supplement the record about Question (a).
We vacate the district court's decision and remand for the prompt entry of an appropriate preliminary injunction. The mandate will issue forthwith.