Opinion
July 10, 1913.
Walter S. Doernberg [ Frederick F. Neuman with him on the brief], for the appellant.
Louis W. Severy, for the respondent.
This is an action by a stockbroker against a customer, for whom he was carrying an account on short sales transactions, for a balance of account after purchasing stock to cover the sales on the failure of the customer to properly margin the account, and thereby closing the account. The defendant by his amended answer put in issue the allegations of the complaint upon which the plaintiff predicates his right to purchase to cover, and pleaded a counterclaim for damages sustained through the failure of the plaintiff to execute an order to purchase stock to cover the short sales, which order is alleged to have been given two months and eleven days after the plaintiff claims to have closed the account by purchasing to cover, and after the commencement of this action. The plaintiff demurred to this counterclaim on the ground that it is not of the character specified in section 501 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
The theory upon which the demurrer was interposed is that inasmuch as the cause of action in favor of the defendant pleaded in the counterclaim arose since the commencement of the action it could not be counterclaimed. The learned counsel for the plaintiff is doubtless right in his contention that if, as the defendant claims, the purchase of the stock by the plaintiff to cover the short sales was not authorized or justified, such purchase does not concern the defendant and is not binding on him, and, therefore, could not give rise to a cause of action in his behalf, and that the cause of action set forth in the counterclaim is not based upon such purchase, but upon the refusal and failure of the plaintiff to execute the order, given subsequent to the commencement of the action, to purchase stock to cover the short sales. It is manifest, therefore, that the cause of action set forth in the counterclaim did not exist at the time of the commencement of the action; and, consequently, it is quite clear that it would not be authorized under subdivision 2 of section 501 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Section 500 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides, among other things, that the answer interposed by a defendant must contain "a statement of any new matter constituting a defense or counterclaim;" and section 501 provides that the counterclaim must be "A cause of action arising out of the contract or transaction set forth in the complaint as the foundation of the plaintiff's claim, or connected with the subject of the action" in favor of the defendant against the plaintiff, and "must tend, in some way, to diminish or defeat the plaintiff's recovery." The plaintiff's cause of action is based upon contract express or implied by which he claims it was the duty of the defendant to keep the account properly margined, and it involves the account between the parties. It is quite clear, we think, that the cause of action pleaded in the counterclaim arose out of the same contract and is connected with the subject of the action, for it is predicated upon the theory that it was the express or implied duty of the broker under the contract to purchase stock to cover the short sales when directed so to do by the defendant, and that by purchasing without authority and failing to purchase when directed he violated his duty to the defendant. Counsel for the appellant does not contend that the cause of action set forth in the counterclaim did not arise out of the contract or transaction upon which the plaintiff's cause of action is based and was not connected with the subject thereof. His argument is that no counterclaim is authorized by section 501 of the Code of Civil Procedure unless the cause of action therein pleaded existed in favor of the defendant against the plaintiff at the time the action was commenced, and he relies in support of this claim principally upon Reilly v. Lee (85 Hun, 315); Quayle Son v. Brandow Printing Co. ( 116 App. Div. 9) and Bernheimer v. Hartmayer (50 id. 316).
It would seem that the two subdivisions of that section of the Code of Civil Procedure are so plainly separate and distinct, and that subdivision 2 only, which relates to a counter claim based on an independent cause of action, is limited to a cause of action existing at the time of the commencement of the action — as not to require construction; but the contention of the plaintiff finds support in dictum in the opinion in the cases cited and in others. Since we are of opinion that the Legislature plainly indicated by these statutory provisions an intention that it is immaterial whether the cause of action which subdivision 1 of said section authorizes a defendant to interpose, existed in his favor at the time the action was commenced or at any time thereafter when he is authorized to interpose the pleading — we have no hesitancy in refraining from following such expressions of opinion which were unnecessary to the decision of the question before the court even though in one instance ( Reilly v. Lee, supra) the Court of Appeals affirmed on the opinion containing such intimation. ( 155 N.Y. 691.)
The case of Bernheimer v. Hartmayer ( supra) was decided by this court, and it is expressly stated in the opinion that the cause of action set forth in the counterclaim did not arise out of the contract or transaction set forth in the complaint and, therefore, the views expressed with respect to the existence of the counterclaim at the time the action was commenced had reference to a counterclaim arising under subdivision 2 of said section.
In Howard v. Johnston ( 82 N.Y. 271) the Court of Appeals expressed the opinion, although it was not necessary to the decision, that it was not essential that a counterclaim authorized by subdivision 1 of section 150 of the Code of Procedure, which was the same as subdivision 1 of section 501 of the Code of Civil Procedure, should be in existence at the time the action was commenced, and that case was followed as an authority on that point by Mr. Justice WARD in Corrigan v. Ritter (21 Civ. Proc. Rep. 82). Moreover, it appears that this is the construction which has been adopted by the courts in three sister States where identically the same statutory provisions have been enacted, evidently copied verbatim from our Code of Civil Procedure. ( Slaughter v. Machine Co., 148 N.C. 471; Smith v. French, 141 id. 1; Stinnett v. Noggle, 148 Wis. 603; Hyman v. Jockey Club Co., 9 Colo. App. 299.) The learned court at Special Term was, therefore, right in denying the motion.
It follows that the order should be affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.
INGRAHAM, P.J., SCOTT, DOWLING and HOTCHKISS, JJ., concurred.
Order affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.