Opinion
44389 Record No. 811546.
December 3, 1982
Present: Carrico. C.J., Cochran, Poff, Compton, Thompson, and Stephenson, JJ., and Harrison, Retired Justice.
A separate trial is a matter of right and the election, if made before the trial commences, must be honored by court; right to separate trial not waived on facts.
(1) Criminal Procedure — Separate Trials — Waiver of Right to — None When Consent Given While Co-Defendants Represented by Same Counsel and Consent Not Renewed When Counsel Appointed for Co-Defendant.
(2) Criminal Procedure — Separate Trials — Waiver of Right to — Rules of Court — Time of Filing Notice or Making Motion [Rule 3A:12(d)] — Rule Indicates Motion for Separate Trial Can be Made on Day of Trial if Made Before Trial Begins.
(3) Criminal Procedure — Separate Trials — Waiver of Right to — Statutory Construction — Separate Juries for Separate Trials, etc. (Code Sec. 19.2-263) — Right Under System Not Subject to Advance Showing of Prejudice in Joint Trial.
(4) Criminal Procedure — Separate Trials — Waiver of Right to — Statutory Construction — Separate Juries for Separate Trials, Etc. (Code Sec. 19.2-263) — Rules of Court — Trial Together of More than One Accused or More than One Offense [Rule 3A:13(a)] — Separate Trial is Matter of Right and if Election Made Before Trial Commences Must be Honored by Court.
Burgess and Twitty were indicted for statutory burglary, grand larceny and possession of burglarious tools. Initially, both defendants were represented by the same counsel, Hampton, who sought a joint trial. In a pretrial hearing the Judge ruled that Hampton could not represent both defendants and that the two should not be tried together. Hampton withdrew as Twitty's attorney but continued to represent Burgess. Despite the Judge's ruling, the cases against both defendants were set to be tried on the same day before the same Jury. On the scheduled date, with another Judge presiding, Hampton moved before the trial commenced that Burgess be granted a separate trial. The Trial Judge denied the motion, and both defendants were convicted of all three charges and sentenced to the penitentiary. Burgess appealed.
1. Appellant did not waive his right to a separate trial by consent to a joint trial when he and his co-defendant were represented by the same counsel, there being no consent by Appellant to a joint trial after the Judge in a pretrial hearing ruled that Appellant and his co-defendant could not be represented by the same counsel.
2. Appellant did not waive his right to a separate trial by waiting until the start of the joint trial to make his wishes known, Rule 3A:12(d), by its reference to subparagraph (c)(1), not including a motion for separate trial and Code Sec. 19.2-263 indicating that a motion for separate trial can be made on the day of trial if made before the trial begins.
3. Appellant did not waive his right to a separate trial by failing to move for a mistrial if prejudice resulted from the joint proceeding, Code Sec. 19.2-263 not subjecting defendant's right to elect a separate trial to an advance showing of prejudice in a joint trial.
4. The Appellant's election to be tried separately is a matter of right under Code Sec. 19.2-263 and Rule 3A:13 and when made before the trial begins must be honored by the Court.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Arlington County. Hon. Charles S. Russell, judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
Rufus King, III, for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
On February 17, 1981, Levi Burgess and Harold James Twitty were indicted for statutory burglary, grand larceny, and possession of burglarious tools, the offenses growing out of an incident which occurred December 10, 1980. The two defendants were tried together by a jury; each was convicted of all three charges and sentenced to serve a total of fifteen years in the penitentiary. We granted Burgess this appeal limited to the question whether the trial court erred in refusing him a separate trial.
Initially, Burgess and Twitty were represented by the same retained counsel, Clyde Hampton, who sought to have the cases against both men set for trial together. In a pretrial hearing, however, Paul D. Brown, one of the judges of the Arlington County Circuit Court, ruled that Hampton could not represent both defendants and that the two should not be tried together. Hampton thereupon withdrew from representing Twitty but continued as Burgess' attorney. Other counsel undertook the representation of Twitty.
Despite Judge Brown's ruling, and in some manner unexplained in the record, the cases against both defendants were set to be tried on the same day before the same jury. On the scheduled date, with another judge presiding, Hampton moved before the trial commenced that Burgess be granted a separate trial.
During argument on the motion, the trial judge noted that there were insufficient jurors present that day for separate trials, and he characterized Hampton's motion as "in effect just a way of trying to obtain a continuance." Denying this was his motive, Hampton stated he was "ready to go ahead today" if the Commonwealth wanted to try Burgess first.
The trial court ruled that, at "the very beginning," Burgess and Twitty had consented "to be tried together," that the right "to be tried separately was waived," and that they would be tried jointly. The trial judge stated, however, that if, in the course of trial, any prejudice to Burgess should arise because of the joint proceeding, counsel could move for a mistrial.
Burgess contends that the court erred in refusing him a separate trial. He argues that his right to be tried separately is fixed by Code Sec. 19.2-263 and Rule 3A:13(a), which provide, respectively:
We note an apparent inconsistency between Code Sec. 19.2-263 and Rule 3A:13(a). The Code section speaks of the election of an accused to be tried separately, while the Rule refers to the consent of two or more accuseds to be tried jointly. However, there is no real inconsistency between the statute and the Rule. Election to be tried separately is a refusal of consent to be tried jointly; on the other hand, consent to be tried jointly is a waiver of the right to elect to be tried separately.
Sec. 19.2-263. Separate juries for separate trials of persons jointly indicted. — If a person, indicted jointly with others for a felony, elects to be tried separately, the panel summoned for their trial may be used for him who is first tried and the court shall cause to be summoned a new panel for the trial of the others, jointly or separately, as they may elect. Rule 3A:13. Trial Together of More Than One Accused or More Than One Offense. (a) More Than One Accused. — Two or more accused may be tried together if they consent thereto and if the offense or offenses with which they are charged meet the requirements of Rule 3A:7(b).
Although Code Sec. 19.2-263 refers to persons "indicted jointly," Burgess and Twitty were indicted separately, albeit by the same grand jury and upon the same charges. The parties briefed and argued the case on the basis that Burgess and Twitty had been indicted jointly. When invited to comment on the effect of the separate indictments, counsel for Burgess maintained Sec. 19.2-263 applied nonetheless, and the Attorney General agreed. Given this agreement, we will proceed on the basis that the statute applies.
The requirements of Rule 3A:7(b) are that the offenses must be "based on the same act or transaction, or on two or more acts or transactions that are connected or constitute parts of a common scheme or plan."
Burgess concedes that, under our holding in Campbell v. Commonwealth, 201 Va. 507, 512, 112 S.E.2d 155, 158-59 (1960), a trial court has discretion, upon motion of the Commonwealth, to order separate trials for defendants indicted jointly. Burgess maintains, however, that a defendant's election to be tried separately is not subject to the discretion of the trial court.
The Attorney General contends that the trial court did not err in refusing Burgess a separate trial. The court found as a fact, it is argued, that Burgess had consented to a joint trial, and Burgess has not contested this finding. Therefore, the Attorney General maintains, the finding is binding upon this court and supportive of the trial court's conclusion that, by such consent, Burgess waived his right to a separate trial.
As Burgess points out, however, his consent to a joint trial was granted when he and Twitty both were represented by Hampton, prior to the time Judge Brown ruled that Hampton could not represent both defendants and that the two should not be tried together. After this ruling, Burgess did not again consent to a joint trial. We agree with Burgess that, under these circumstances, the trial court should not have relied upon the prior consent in finding a waiver of the right to a separate trial.
Burgess also waived his right to a severance, the Attorney General argues, by waiting "until the very start of the trial" to make his wishes known. The Attorney General says that, under Rule 3A:12(d,) Burgess should have raised by written motion filed at least seven days before trial his objection to a joint trial and that, since Burgess failed to comply with this requirement, he waived his right to elect a separate trial.
Rule 3A:12(d) reads:
Time of Filing Notice or Making Motion. — A motion referred to in subparagraph (c)(1) shall be filed or made before a plea is entered and, in a court of record, at least 7 days before the day fixed for trial.
We disagree with the Attorney General. In the first place, Rule 3A:12(d), by its reference to subparagraph (c)(1), applies only to "[d]efenses and objections based on defects in the institution of the prosecution or in the written charge upon which the accused is to be tried . . . ." By no stretch of this language may it be interpreted to include a motion for a separate trial.
In pertinent part, Rule 3A:12(c)(l) reads:
Defenses and Objections That Must Be Raised Before Trial. — Defenses and objections based on defects in the institution of the prosecution or in the written charge upon which the accused is to be tried, other than that it fails to show jurisdiction in the court or to charge an offense, must be raised by motion made within the time prescribed by paragraph (d) of this rule.
Furthermore, Code Sec. 19.2-263 itself demonstrates that a motion for a separate trial should not be considered untimely if made on the day of trial. The Code section states that if a person jointly indicted with others elects to be tried separately, the panel summoned for their trial may be used for the one who is first tried and a new panel shall be summoned for the trial of the others. This language clearly is intended to operate in a situation where a jury panel is assembled on the day of trial and the election to be heard separately is then made by one of two or more defendants scheduled to be tried together that day. The election, of course, must be made before the trial begins or the accused will be deemed to have waived his right to elect a separate trial. See Wallen v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 773, 781, 114 S.E. 786, 789 (1922).
This interpretation of the operative effect of Code Sec. 19.2-263 distinguishes the present case from Thomas v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 553, 238 S.E.2d 834 (1977), cited by the Attorney General. There, we indicated that a waiver of trial by jury may be withdrawn only if the withdrawal is made in sufficient time before trial to avoid unreasonable delay. Id. at 556, 238 S.E.2d at 836.
The Attorney General argues next that Burgess again waived his right to be tried separately by failing during the course of trial to avail himself of the opportunity extended by the trial court to move for a mistrial if prejudice resulted from developments in the joint proceeding. The ready answer to this argument is that a defendant's right under Sec. 19.2-263 to elect a separate trial is not dependent upon an advance showing of possible prejudice in a joint trial, and a denial of the right cannot be justified by a post-trial demonstration of lack of prejudice.
Finally, without asserting directly that Burgess' election to be tried separately was subject to the discretion of the trial court, the Attorney General argues that "there was no abuse of discretion by the circuit judge in the case at bar." We do not believe, however, that Burgess' election to be tried separately presented a matter for the exercise of judicial discretion. This election is "a matter of right." Wallen, 134 Va. at 780-81, 114 S.E. at 789. When exercised before the trial begins, the right must be honored.
For the reasons assigned, the judgments appealed from will be reversed, and the case will be remanded to provide Burgess a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.