Opinion
A96A1115.
DECIDED AUGUST 23, 1996 — RECONSIDERATION DENIED SEPTEMBER 18, 1996 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
F.E.L.A. Bibb State Court. Before Judge Phillips.
Hicks Massey, Frederick V. Massey, for appellant.
Hall, Bloch, Garland Meyer, John S. Stewart, for appellee.
Federal Employers' Liability Act. John Bell suffered heat stroke or severe heat exhaustion while working for Norfolk Southern. In this suit against his employer, he contends the railroad's failure to promptly supply him emergency medical attention after this attack has afflicted him with a permanently disabling syndrome called "heat intolerance." The trial court granted summary judgment based on the statute of limitation and the merits, finding Norfolk Southern produced uncontradicted evidence it exercised reasonable care in addressing Bell's medical problem. Held:
1. In his first enumeration, Bell contends the trial court erred by striking from its consideration three affidavits he filed in opposition to Norfolk Southern's motion for summary judgment. We agree. These affidavits were filed December 22, 1995, five days before the hearing on the motion. Although the trial court found the documents had not been filed in accordance with Uniform Superior Court Rule 6.2, OCGA § 9-11-56 (c) requires the trial court to consider opposing affidavits filed at any time prior to the hearing. The statute controls the rule, and the trial court should have considered these affidavits. Wyse v. Potamkin Chrysler-Plymouth, 189 Ga. App. 64, 65 (1) ( 374 S.E.2d 785) (1988).
2. Bell's task, however, is not limited to showing error; an appellant seeking reversal must also show harm. Thompson v. Hardy Chevrolet-Pontiac-Buick, 203 Ga. App. 499, 505 (9) ( 417 S.E.2d 358) (1992). "Even if the record clearly shows that a[n affidavit] was not considered below, it may be considered on appellate review of a ruling on a motion for summary judgment to determine whether the facts of the case create an issue of material fact for determination below. [Cit.]" Taylor v. Schander, 207 Ga. App. 627, 628 (2) ( 428 S.E.2d 806) (1993). Nowhere in this appeal does Bell argue the trial court erred in granting Norfolk Southern summary judgment on the merits of his claim, so we review the record only to determine if the affidavits created any issue of material fact.
Bell claimed the railroad failed to assist him after he fell ill and failed to act reasonably in providing him with emergency medical care. In FELA cases, an employer must render medical assistance "when an employee, to the employer's knowledge, becomes so seriously ill while at work as to render him helpless to obtain medical aid or assistance for himself. . . ." Handy v. Union Pacific R., 841 P.2d 1210, 1221 (Utah Ct. App. 1992) (citing Southern Pacific Co. v. Hendricks, 339 P.2d 731, 733 (Ariz. 1959), cert. dismissed, 361 U.S. 941 ( 80 SC 385, 4 L.Ed.2d 362) (1960)). See also Rival v. Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe R., 306 P.2d 648, 651 (N.M. 1957). To trigger the employer's duty to render aid, the employee must show that his condition is such that he "`is in immediate danger of loss of life or of great bodily harm.' [Cit.]" Handy, 841 P.2d at 1221. Federal law allows summary judgment for the employer only where there is a "complete absence" of evidence to support the employee's claim. Bagley v. CSX Transp., 219 Ga. App. 544, 545 (1) ( 465 S.E.2d 706) (1995). Whether an employee's condition is so dire as to trigger the employer's duty to render aid is, however, a question of law. Handy, 841 P.2d at 1221-1222.
Bell's general foreman provided an affidavit stating he went to check on Bell after Bell radioed him from the train yard. When he found Bell sitting on a crosstie, appearing a bit dizzy but coherent, Bell told him he "had another of his spells." The foreman took Bell back to the air-conditioned office, where Bell said all he needed was water and did not want the supervisor to call his wife. Later, Bell said he was ready to return to work but then decided he would drive himself home. When the foreman and others in the office expressed concern that Bell might have another "spell," Bell allowed them to drive him home. The foreman denied Bell appeared to need any medical attention. At his deposition, Bell said he did not recall the day's events in detail, although he "probably used to remember more." He did recall telling the supervisor he felt he could return to work. Bell also admitted he had suffered these types of heat-related episodes many times during the 1980s. According to the foreman, Bell stated his doctors did not know what was causing the problem.
Adding to this evidence the improperly excluded affidavits does not create any issue for trial. In two of those affidavits, witnesses who assisted Bell when he arrived home stated he appeared disoriented, dizzy, weak, and pale. In the third affidavit, a physician who treated Bell sometime after this episode opined that Norfolk Southern employees should have taken him to the emergency room. But none of these affidavits contradicts the unchallenged testimony of Bell's foreman, corroborated in part by Bell, that Bell stated he needed only water, that he felt he could return to work, that he could drive himself home, and that the doctors did not know what caused these recurring episodes. The evidence does not show that Bell was unable to help and care for himself. Handy, supra. Even assuming Bell was in such a position that the railroad was required to render him emergency aid, the affidavits do not materially detract from the trial court's finding that Bell's supervisors, acting on Bell's representations, took reasonable action to assist him. Compare Brooks v. Southern R. Co., 178 Ga. App. 361, 362-363 ( 343 S.E.2d 143) (1986) and Currin v. Seaboard System R., 187 Ga. App. 751, 753 ( 371 S.E.2d 142) (1988), in which the plaintiff's evidence that he had requested medical assistance precluded summary judgment.
3. Because the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment based on the merits of Bell's claim, we need not address his contention that the trial court erred in finding his claims barred by the statute of limitation.
Judgment affirmed. Beasley, C.J., Birdsong, P.J., Andrews, Blackburn and Smith, JJ., concur. McMurray, P.J., Pope, P.J., and Ruffin, J., dissent. Johnson, J., not participating.
DECIDED AUGUST 23, 1996 — RECONSIDERATION DENIED SEPTEMBER 18, 1996 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
Although I fully agree with Division 1 that the trial court erroneously excluded from consideration plaintiff's timely filed affidavits, I respectfully dissent from affirmance of summary judgment in favor of the employer-defendant, Norfolk Southern Railway Company, in employee-plaintiff John Bell's Federal Employers' Liability Act ("FELA") action for inadequate medical treatment. In my judgment, the majority has tacitly applied the contradictory testimony rule of Prophecy Corp. v. Charles Rossignol, Inc., 256 Ga. 27 ( 343 S.E.2d 680), to hold that plaintiff should be bound by his feeble protestations to a supervisor that he needed no immediate medical attention. But that rule is inapplicable to the case sub judice because other circumstances, established by the affidavit evidence erroneously excluded by the trial court, indicate that plaintiff Bell was not competent to make an accurate assessment of his potential need for additional medical treatment. According to the majority's recitation, eyewitnesses other than the foreman described plaintiff as "disoriented, dizzy, weak, and pale." (Majority opinion, ante, p. 790). Where the plaintiff's purported contradictory statements are not the only evidence which would authorize his recovery, the general rule applies, namely that the credibility of all witnesses — including the parties — should be determined by the jury. Barentine v. Kroger Co., 264 Ga. 224 ( 443 S.E.2d 485); Bynes v. Stafford, 106 Ga. App. 406, 407 (2) ( 127 S.E.2d 159). See also Ryder v. Schreeder, 224 Ga. 382 (2), 386 ( 162 S.E.2d 375). In the case sub judice, the evidence does not establish, as a matter of law, the absence of an immediate danger of loss of life or of great bodily injury. Accordingly, the jury should determine whether the employer demonstrated any negligence, however slight, in blithely accepting the word of a dazed and embarrassed worker, where the objective evidence would authorize a finding that plaintiff was not fit to make an accurate assessment of his immediate medical needs.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge Pope and Judge Ruffin join in this dissent.