Opinion
April Term, 1902.
I. Newton Williams, for the appellant.
Howard Hasbrouck, for the respondent.
The action is brought to recover the sum of $2,000 on a promissory note, the consideration for which was the manufacture, delivery and installation by the plaintiff of two electric passenger elevators in a certain building of the defendant situated in the city of New York.
In addition to a general denial and an affirmative defense of no consideration, the defendant in his answer sets up a counterclaim due, as alleged, to the failure of the plaintiff to deliver the two elevators within the contract time and to the imperfect installation thereof after delivery, whereby the defendant failed to rent his apartments and lost the rents and profits thereof for the year beginning October 1, 1900, for which loss, in the nature of damages sustained, he demands judgment against the plaintiff for $22,500. In the bill of particulars furnished the defendant states, among other things, that he rented two apartments, the lessees of which surrendered their leases about October 1, 1900, because the elevators were not installed and running; and, further, that he could have rented some of the other apartments to persons who examined them and expressed themselves willing to hire them, but who refused to do so as the elevators were not running.
The portion of the order appealed from, granting plaintiff's motion for a further bill of particulars, directs the defendant to give the names and last known addresses of the tenants who rented the two apartments referred to and who canceled their leases because the elevators were not in operation and the sums which the defendant would have received had they fulfilled their contracts; and to give, also, the names and addresses of the large number of persons who were not able to rent said premises and who refused to do so because of plaintiff's failure and the rental value of the apartments which such persons refused to take. The direction that these particulars should be furnished was, we think, right; and were it not that the order entered upon the direction is in terms rather broad and might be construed as preventing the defendant from introducing any evidence bearing upon the rental value of the apartments, we should be content with affirming the order.
The provision is "that if the defendant fail to serve such further bill of particulars * * * he be precluded from giving any evidence upon the trial of this action of the items, matters and damages contained in said amended answer as to which said further bill of particulars is ordered."
The particulars directed to be given are in the nature of special damages, and it was proper, therefore, in order to prevent surprise upon the trial, that they should be furnished or the defendant precluded from giving evidence thereof. We do not think, however, that it was the intention of the learned judge at Special Term, by the order entered (which, unless the particulars mentioned were furnished, would exclude evidence as to these special damages), to prevent the defendant from introducing what evidence he may have tending to prove general damages. "Those (damages) which necessarily result from the injury are termed general damages; * * * such damages as are the natural although not the necessary result of the injury, are termed special damages." ( Vanderslice v. Newton, 4 N.Y. 132; also, Stevens v. Rodger, 25 Hun, 54.)
The measure of damages (general) would be the difference in the rental value of the apartments with, and the rental value without, the elevators; and the special damages are those which might arise because particular persons would not lease, or, having leased, terminated their leases for the reason that the elevators were not furnished. The loss of particular rentals, therefore, being special damages, it was entirely proper that the Special Term should direct that the particulars demanded should be given. This, no doubt, was all that was intended; but, in view of the criticism which has been made of the language employed in the order, and which is rather broad, we think, to avoid any misunderstanding as to its scope, it should be limited as indicated, and the order as so modified should be affirmed, without costs.
VAN BRUNT, P.J., PATTERSON, McLAUGHLIN and LAUGHLIN, JJ., concurred.
Order modified as directed in opinion, and as modified affirmed, without costs.