Opinion
Docket No. 173829.
Submitted February 7, 1996, at Detroit.
Decided May 10, 1996, at 9:25 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Sommers, Schwartz, Silver Schwartz, P.C. (by Patrick Burkett) and Thomas L. Mulcahy, for Sheniece Ballard.
Joseph D. Welton, for Dorothy J. Wilkes.
Garan, Lucow, Miller, Seward, Cooper Becker, P.C. by Rosalind Rochkind and Thomas F. Myers), for Ypsilanti Township.
Defendant Ypsilanti Township appeals as of right from the jury verdicts in favor of plaintiffs in this case involving governmental immunity. We reverse.
On July 4, 1991, plaintiffs' decedents, Kassim Ballard, age eleven, and Anthony Wilkes, age twelve, were taken with a group of boys to Ford Lake Park in Ypsilanti by two adults, Haratio Blacksher and Veronica Mitchell. Although Mitchell told the boys not to go swimming, Blacksher allowed them to go into the water. The boys were nonswimmers. Ballard was in the water about ten to twelve feet out when he lost his footing. Wilkes went to help him and they both struggled. Blacksher went into the lake. All three went under. Blacksher emerged, but the boys drowned.
Off the shore of the lake where the boys drowned, the water was twenty to twenty-four inches deep for a length of about twelve feet. At that point, the water turned mucky and the depth dropped to 3 1/2 feet. At thirteen feet from the shore, the water was six feet deep. Defendant township runs Ford Lake Park. A 1983 study of the lake noted the existence of hazardous drop-offs.
Plaintiffs sued the township and two individuals who were in charge of park maintenance and park operations under various theories of liability. The theories presented to the jury were liability for wilful and wanton misconduct on the part of defendant township, pursuant to the recreational land use act (RUA), MCL 300.201; MSA 13.1485, and for gross negligence on the part of the individual defendants. The jury did not find either individual defendant to be guilty of gross negligence. However, the township was found to have committed wilful and wanton misconduct that was a proximate cause of the drownings. Ballard's estate was awarded $1 million and Wilkes' estate was awarded $400,000, awards that were reduced by twenty-five percent for comparative negligence.
Defendant township argues that the trial court should have granted its motion for summary disposition on the basis of governmental immunity. We agree.
We review de novo the trial court's denial of summary disposition because we must review the record to determine if defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Citizens Ins. Co. v. Bloomfield Twp, 209 Mich. App. 484, 486; 532 N.W.2d 183 (1995). When reviewing a determination whether a claim is barred by governmental immunity, all documentary evidence submitted by the parties is to be considered. Id. All well-pleaded allegations are accepted as true and construed in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. MCR 2.116(C)(10) permits summary disposition when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
Plaintiffs' claim against defendant township was brought pursuant to the RUA. In 1991, the RUA, which was first enacted in 1953, provided in part:
[N]o cause of action shall arise for injuries to any person who is on the lands of another without paying to the owner, tenant, or lessee of the lands a valuable consideration for the purpose of fishing, hunting, trapping, camping, hiking, sightseeing, motorcycling, snowmobiling, or any other outdoor recreational use, with or without permission, against the owner, tenant, or lessee of the land unless the injuries were caused by the gross negligence or willful and wanton misconduct of the owner, tenant, or lessee. [MCL 300.201(1); MSA 13.1485(1).]
The governmental immunity from tort liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107), was first enacted in 1964, and amended significantly in 1986. It states, in relevant part:
Except as otherwise provided in this act, all governmental agencies shall be immune from tort liability in all cases wherein the governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. [MCL 691.1407(1); MSA 3.996(107)(1).]
Although the interplay between the RUA and the GTLA has been raised before, the issue whether governmental immunity bars a claim brought under the RUA against a governmental entity has never been decided. For example, in Wymer v. Holmes, 429 Mich. 66, 78, n. 15; 412 N.W.2d 213 (1987), the Supreme Court noted that it has not addressed the question whether public land is covered by the RUA. In Schiller v. Muskegon State Park, 153 Mich. App. 472, 474; 395 N.W.2d 75 (1986), the defendant moved for summary disposition on the basis of both the RUA and the GTLA. This Court held that because the RUA barred that suit, the Court did not need to address the question of governmental immunity. Id., p. 476. Similarly, the Court determined in Matthews v. Detroit, 141 Mich. App. 712, 720; 367 N.W.2d 440 (1985), that it did not need to address the issue of governmental immunity. Finally, in McNeal v. Dep't of Natural Resources, 140 Mich. App. 625, 630; 364 N.W.2d 768 (1985), the Court held that the plaintiff's claim was barred both by governmental immunity and the RUA for independent reasons. Here, because defendant township did not prevail on the RUA defense, we must address and resolve the governmental immunity issue.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law subject to review de novo on appeal. St. George Greek Orthodox Church v. Laupmanis Associates, PC, 204 Mich. App. 278, 282; 514 N.W.2d 516 (1994). A fundamental goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Farrington v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 442 Mich. 201, 212; 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993). Where the language of a statute is of doubtful meaning, the Court must examine the object of the statute, the harm it is designed to remedy, and apply a reasonable construction that best accomplishes the Legislature's purpose. Marquis v. Hartford Accident Indemnity (After Remand), 444 Mich. 638, 644; 513 N.W.2d 799 (1994).
The GTLA does not indicate whether the Legislature intended to alter the RUA. However, the Legislature is presumed to be familiar with existing laws when promulgating new laws, and is presumed to have considered the effect of new laws on all existing laws. Walen v. Dep't of Corrections, 443 Mich. 240, 248; 505 N.W.2d 519 (1993). Where it is clear that a statute conflicts with an earlier enacted provision, the Legislature is deemed to have repealed the prior statute to the extent of the conflict. Shirilla v. Detroit, 208 Mich. App. 434, 439; 528 N.W.2d 763 (1995).
Here, the GTLA was amended significantly in 1986. The RUA, first enacted in 1953, has only been slightly altered since that time. Because the GTLA does not make an exception for claims brought pursuant to the RUA, we presume that the Legislature considered the effect that the GTLA would have on the RUA, but elected not to except the RUA from its scope. Id. There is no dispute that defendant township is a governmental agency or that it was engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. In addition, there is no genuine issue of material fact that any exception to governmental immunity is applicable. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying the township's motion for summary disposition on the basis of governmental immunity. MCL 691.1407(1); MSA 3.996(107); Citizens Ins. Co., supra, p. 486.
This case is distinguishable from Malcolm v. East Detroit, 437 Mich. 132; 468 N.W.2d 479 (1991). In that case, the now repealed emergency medical services act (EMSA), MCL 333.20701 et seq.; MSA 14.15(20701) et seq., was held to modify the GTLA. Id., p. 148. However, the EMSA was enacted after the GTLA. Id., p. 139. Here, in contrast, the RUA was enacted before the GTLA. In addition, whereas the EMSA explicitly refers to governmental bodies, id., pp. 143-144, the RUA does not refer at all to governmental bodies or units.
In addition, our holding is consistent with the legislative purpose behind the RUA, which is "to encourage owners of land to make land and water areas available to the public for recreational purposes by limiting their liability toward persons entering thereon for such purposes." Wymer, supra, p. 77. Our holding does not discourage any owners of land to make land and water areas available to the public for recreational purposes. To the contrary, by construing the GTLA broadly, see Jamieson v. Luce-Mackinac-Alger-Schoolcraft Dist. Health Dep't, 198 Mich. App. 103, 107-108; 497 N.W.2d 551 (1993), our holding further encourages governmental agencies to allow recreational use of public land.
Although plaintiffs argue that the GTLA is general while the RUA is specific, the RUA applies to all landowners of unimproved, rural land. The GTLA exempts only governmental landowners from the RUA'S purview. Accordingly, our holding does not violate the rule of statutory construction that, when two statutes conflict, and one is specific to the subject matter while the other is only generally applicable, the specific statute prevails. Schubert v. Dep't of Treasury, 212 Mich. App. 555, 559; 538 N.W.2d 447 (1995).
Our disposition of this issue makes it unnecessary to address defendant township's other allegations of error.
Reversed.