Summary
holding that to bring a negligent indemnitee within an indemnification agreement, "the agreement must specifically reference the negligence or fault of the indemnitee"
Summary of this case from Simoes v. National Railroad Passenger CorporationOpinion
A-118 September Term 2001
Argued December 3, 2002
Decided January 23, 2003
On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at 347 N.J. Super. 516 (2002).
Lawrence M. Berkeley argued the cause for appellant (Rubin Fiorella Friedman, attorneys; G. Jeffrey Moeller, on the briefs).
Theresa E. Mullen argued the cause for respondent (Sachs, Maitlin, Fleming, Greene, Wilson Marotte, attorneys; Allan Maitlin, of counsel; Mr. Maitlin and Christopher Klabonski, on the brief).
In 1994, Planned Building Services (PBS), a janitorial company, entered into a contract with Corporate Property Investors (the Mall) that contained the following provision:
Contractor [PBS] shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless each Indemnitee [the Mall] from and against any claim (including any claim brought by employees of Contractor), liability, damage or expense (including attorneys' fees) that such Indemnitee may incur relating to, arising out of or existing by reason of (i) Contractor's performance of this Agreement or the conditions created thereby (including the use, misuse or failure of any equipment used by Contractor or its subcontractors, servants or employees) or (ii) Contractor's breach of this Agreement or the inadequate or improper performance of this Agreement by Contractor or its subcontractors, servants or employees.
In 1996, Mary Azurak was injured when she slipped on a "cheese-type" substance at the Mall. She sued the Mall and PBS for her injuries. The Mall moved for summary judgment on the issue of indemnification and defense by PBS. The motion was granted by the trial court, based on the conclusion that the agreement provided a "broad form" of indemnification under Doloughty v. Blanchard Const. Co., 139 N.J. Super. 110 (Law Div. 1976). PBS appealed, and in the interim, the case was tried, resulting in a jury determination that plaintiff was 30% negligent; the Mall, 30%; and PBS, 40%. A molded judgment was entered in Azurak's favor in the amount of $6,131.02.
On appeal, PBS argued that the indemnification provision of the contract did not encompass the Mall's negligence. The Appellate Division agreed. In an opinion penned by Judge Carchman, the panel concluded that the cited language of the indemnification provision was neither explicit nor unequivocal on the subject of the indemnitee's negligence, thus falling short of the standard we established in Ramos v. Browning-Ferris Indus. of S. Jersey, Inc., 103 N.J. 177 (1986), and recently reaffirmed in Mantilla v. N.C. Mall Assocs., 167 N.J. 262 (2001).
The court went on to note:
As we have stated, we reject the Mall's argument and reliance on Doloughty and conclude that the Court's analysis in Ramos and the reaffirmation of the Ramos principle in Mantilla compels the conclusion that absent the required language mandated by those cases, the indemnification provision does not extend to the Mall's negligence. Significantly, the Court's analysis in Mantilla, by omission, eschewed the consideration of a "broad" or "limited" form of indemnification-a critical element in the analytical framework that had dominated consideration of these issues in Doloughty. We read Mantilla as a reiteration of Ramos and its "bright line" rule requiring "explicit language" that indemnification and defense shall include the indemnitee's own negligence. We note that nowhere in Mantilla is there any mention of the significance of broad form or limited form indemnification provisions or any significant reference to Doloughty. In sum, we accept the Court's clear and explicit language as meaning what it says and conclude that the absence of clear and explicit language addressing indemnification for the Mall's negligence precludes recovery for its portion of the judgment or defense costs.
[Azurak v. Corporate Property Investors, 347 N.J. Super. 516, 523 (App.Div. 2001).]
We subscribe to the Appellate Division's disposition of this case and affirm substantially for the reasons expressed in Judge Carchman's thorough and thoughtful opinion.
We add only this. To the extent that Doloughty distinguishes between "broad" and "limited" indemnification clauses and suggests that the former provides a way to include an indemnitee's negligence within an indemnification agreement without explicitly referring to the indemnitee's "negligence" or "fault," it is no longer good law. It was implicitly overruled by Ramos and Mantilla, and we reaffirm that view here. Moreover, even if the "broad form" notion retained some vitality, the indemnification provision in this case would not have passed muster. As the Appellate Division noted, the clause focused on PBS, thus eliminating the possibility of construing it to include the indemnitee's negligence. Ibid. Finally, in order to allay even the slightest doubt on the issue of what is required to bring a negligent indemnitee within an indemnification agreement, we reiterate that the agreement must specifically reference the negligence or fault of the indemnitee.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed.
JUSTICES COLEMAN, LONG, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI and ALBIN join in this opinion. CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICE VERNIERO did not participate.