Summary
explaining that "as for the Brady claim, a police officer in 1988 should have been aware of his obligation to not withhold exculpatory evidence"
Summary of this case from Raugust v. AbbeyOpinion
Argued and Submitted February 9, 2005.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION. (See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure Rule 36-3) [Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Johnnie L. Cochran, Jr., Esq., Johnnie L. Cochran Law Offices, Los Angeles, CA, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Peter Neufeld, Esq., Deborah L. Cornwall, Esq., Cochran Neufeld & Scheck, LLP, New York, NY Christopher D. Lockwood, Esq., Airas Lockwood & Gray, San Bernadino, CA, Paul C. Epstein, Esq., AGCA--Office of the California Attorney General, Los Angeles, CA, for Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California, Percy Anderson, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-01-01574-PA.
Before: PREGERSON, CANBY, and BEEZER, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
In this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action, Herman Atkins appeals the district court's summary judgment in favor of defendants Riverside County, Riverside County Deputy Sheriff Danny Miller, and California Department of Justice Serologist James Hall. We affirm summary judgment in favor of Hall and the County of Riverside on all claims. We also affirm summary judgment in favor of Miller with respect to Atkins' claim of using unduly suggestive identification techniques. But we reverse on the fabrication of evidence and Brady claims against Miller.
I
The parties are aware of the factual and procedural history of this case. In a nutshell, Atkins served over eight years in prison for sexual assault and robbery before being exonerated on the basis of DNA evidence. BB at 2; ER 991 He subsequently brought this § 1983 action, alleging violations of his Due Process rights stemming from the investigation that led to his conviction. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of all defendants, and Atkins appeals. We address his allegations in turn.
A. The Brady claims
The prosecution's failure to disclose material evidence favorable to the accused can violate the accused's due process right to a fair trial. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963); see Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 433-34, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) (discussing precedent). "The obligation under Brady ... is the obligation of the government, not merely the obligation of the prosecutor." United States v. Blanco, 392 F.3d 382, 393 (9th Cir.2004). A successful Brady claim requires demonstrating that evidence (1) "favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or it is impeaching," (2) was suppressed by the state (either wilfully or not), and (3) is "material," by way of a "reasonable probability" that disclosure would have produced a different result at trial. Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999); see Blanco, 392 F.3d at 388.
The survival at summary judgment of Atkins' Brady claim against Miller turns on the allegation that Miller suppressed the fact that he fabricated a police report as part of his investigation. Specifically, Atkins alleges that Miller represented that Eric Ingram told him he knew Atkins and knew that Atkins frequented the general vicinity of the crimes. BB at 6. Ingram now denies having such a discussion, or even knowing who Atkins was. ER 987.
Because this appeal is in response to a grant of summary judgment, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Atkins. Olsen v. Id. St. Bd. of Med., 363 F.3d 916, 922 (9th Cir.2004). Given this procedural posture, we hold that Atkins has provided sufficient evidence to support a Brady claim based on the failure to disclose that Miller created false evidence. Such evidence is favorable to the accused for impeachment purposes. See, e.g., Benn v. Lambert, 283 F.3d 1040, 1056 (9th Cir.2002). It was not disclosed to the defendant. See id. There is a reasonable probability that disclosure of such information would have changed the outcome of the case. Id.
Miller's attempts to cabin this claim outside the Brady framework miss the mark. Whether the prosecution actually introduced Ingram's statement at trial is irrelevant because Atkins' claim is based on the suppression of impeachment evidence. See, e.g., Blanco, 392 F.3d at 388. Evidence that a chief investigator fabricated evidence while attempting to build the case against the defendant undermines the credibility of that investigator as well as the evidence compiled in that investigation. Cf. Benn, 283 F.3d at 1056 ("This evidence could have been used to show that [the witness] was willing to lie about [the defendant] and even to accuse him falsely ... if doing so would result in even a minimal benefit to him."). It is along this same line of reasoning that we are persuaded such evidence was material. Atkins' allegations and evidence paint a picture of an investigator willing to compromise his professional obligations out of a desire to pin a crime on a particular defendant. Disclosing the alleged fabrication to the defense-and the jury-would have cast a shadow across the entire police investigation. The prosecution's case essentially boiled down to the contested witness and victim identifications, shoes that the victim could not identify as belonging to the victim, and a questionable serologist report. Miller played a role in gathering all of this evidence. The jury's willingness to believe that a police investigation proceeded "by the books" would understandably be met with more skepticism had the jury known that a chief investigator had seen fit to fabricate some evidence. It would have also put Atkins' assertion of tainted witness identifications into a different light. A jury would be more suspicious of an officer's assertion of "fairness" in the manner in which he secured an identification knowing that same officer had falsified other information against Atkins. AER 93 Cf. Kyles, 514 U.S. at 437, 115 S.Ct. 1555 (requiring consideration of the "likely net effect" of all non-disclosed evidence).
In granting summary judgment to Miller on this claim, the district court concluded that Atkins had not met his burden of establishing that exculpatory evidence existed that was not provided to the defense. The court stated that "Atkins presents no evidence that prosecutors or police knew of a false statement before the Atkins trial." ER 1000 We find this statement hard to reconcile, however, with the district court's subsequent recognition that Atkins did present evidence to support the assertion that "Miller lied in his police report." ER 1000 We construe the court's point to be that demonstrating an issue of fact regarding a police officer's veracity cannot create "significant probative evidence" of a Brady violation, a view that we do not share in this case. See, e.g., Strickler, 527 U.S. at 280-81, 119 S.Ct. 1936 (explaining that the Brady obligation extends to "evidence known only to police investigators and not to the prosecutor" (internal quotation marks omitted)).
We also reject Miller's argument that mere access on the part of the defendant to the allegedly fabricated police report absolved the government of any Brady duty of disclosure. Miller 43 A "defendant furnished with ... inculpatory evidence by the state is not required to assume that the state has concealed material information and has thereby obligated him to ascertain the Brady material on his own." Benn, 283 F.3d at 1062. The Supreme Court recently made a similar point in Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 124 S.Ct. 1256, 157 L.Ed.2d 1166 (2004) (internal citations omitted), stating that a rule "declaring 'prosecutor may hide, defendant must seek' is not tenable in a system constitutionally bound to accord defendants due process. Ordinarily, we presume that public officials have properly discharged their official duties." Likewise here, Atkins challenges the veracity of affirmative statements made by Miller about his investigation. Atkins was "surely entitled to rely" on these statements. See Gantt v. Roe, 389 F.3d 908, 913 (9th Cir.2004).
The failure to disclose that the victim allegedly could not identify the shoes and ring Miller seized from Atkins does not provide a sufficient basis for a Brady claim on its own. Its only relevance is in assessing the materiality of Atkin's Brady claim as a whole. Blanco, 392 F.3d at 387 ("For purposes of Brady, materiality is measured 'in terms of suppressed evidence considered collectively, not item by item.' " (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 436, 115 S.Ct. 1555)). Atkins has presented sufficient evidence for a jury to make the reasonable inference, based on Miller's failure to document any affirmative identification of these items and the department's standard operating policy at that time, that the victim did not identify these items. Although such a fact alone may be insignificant, the prosecution nevertheless presented these shoes to the jury. This fact, when compiled with the alleged fabrication of other evidence by Miller, contributes to undermining the reliability of Miller and the prosecution's case. See Bracy, 67 F.3d at 1429.
We hold that Atkins has presented sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment on his Brady claim. Disclosing that an investigator fabricated evidence during the investigation would have instantly upset the credibility of the rest of the police investigation. Evidence that the government suppressed such a fact provides a sufficient basis for a Brady claim. See Manning v. Miller, 355 F.3d 1028, 1032-34 (7th Cir.2004) (holding that a plaintiff's allegation that "investigators creat[ed] false evidence," including fabricating statements by a witness in a police report, constituted a "true Brady claim").
In Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1079 (9th Cir.2001) (en banc), we stated that a Brady violation "cannot in itself support a deliberate-fabrication-of-evidence claim." But it does not follow that a fabrication of evidence claim cannot support a Brady claim. To hold to the contrary would be tantamount to carving an exception to the Brady fair trial obligation for the most egregious of misconduct (deliberate fabrication). The fact police fabricated inculpatory evidence, if true, can have both exculpatory and impeachment value. The state has the obligation to not suppress such information.
In contrast, the Brady claims against Hall are deficient. BB 29 Although Hall's report lacked specificity and was arguably misleading, it properly put Atkins on notice of the serology testing results. Brady does not require the prosecution to spell out why disclosed information is helpful to the defense. See United States v. Bracy, 67 F.3d 1421, 1428-29 (9th Cir.1995) (concluding that disclosed documents "provided all the information necessary for the defendants to discover the alleged Brady material on their own"). Similarly, Hall's failure to turn over the bench notes was not a Brady violation because there was no showing that they included exculpatory information not in the final report.
Atkins has provided sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment on his claims of a Brady violation against Miller. Atkins has not made a sufficient claim against Hall.
B. Fabricating evidence
Atkins has provided sufficient evidence to avoid summary judgment in favor of Miller on the fabrication of evidence claim. There is a "clearly established" due process right not to be subjected to criminal charges on the basis of deliberately fabricated false evidence by the government. Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074-75 (9th Cir.2001) (en banc). Devereaux requires the plaintiff to show "at a minimum" either that the officers (1) continued the investigation although they knew or should have known of the suspect's (now plaintiff's) innocence, or (2) "used investigative techniques that were so coercive and abusive that they knew or should have known that those techniques would yield false information." Id. at 1076.
Viewed in the light most favorable to Atkins, the evidence supports a Devereaux claim under the second proposition. See Limone v. Condon, 372 F.3d 39, 44-45 (1st Cir.2004) (citing Devereaux ) ("[I]f any concept is fundamental to our American system of justice, it is that those charged with upholding the law are prohibited from deliberately fabricating evidence and framing individuals."). Including a fabricated conversation in a police report would appear, by definition, to qualify as a technique that a police officer should know yields false information. See Devereaux, 263 F.3d at 1075. Although Ingram's statement was not introduced at trial, a factual question remains whether Atkins was subjected to criminal charges "on the basis of" deliberately fabricated evidence. See id.
Turning to Hall's alleged false reporting of lab results, however, we affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment. Although Atkins makes out a colorable claim that Hall was not as forthcoming in explaining information as he should have been, there is not sufficient evidence that he intentionally fabricated evidence. See id. at 1075.
C. Using unduly suggestive identification procedures
Atkins next challenges summary judgment in favor of Miller on the use of improper identification techniques. BB 43 Atkins argued the admissibility of these identifications before the state courts and lost. AER 30 We agree with the state courts that, under a totality of circumstances test, the evidence appeared reliable at trial. Although ideally a photo array would have included a different picture of the suspect than the one portrayed on a wanted poster and repeatedly shown to the victim and witness, the victim and witness independently identified Atkins on multiple occasions. The identification procedures were not "so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 383-84, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); see United States v. Bagley, 772 F.2d 482, 492 (9th Cir.1985).
D. Failing to investigate and/or preserve evidence
Atkins next asserts a due process violation based on Hall's failure to investigate or preserve evidence of the alleged pubic hairs found at the crime scene. BB 37 A due process violation based on the failure to preserve potentially exculpatory evidence requires a showing of bad faith on the part of the official. Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57, 109 S.Ct. 333, 102 L.Ed.2d 281 (1988); see Mitchell v. Goldsmith, 878 F.2d 319, 321 (9th Cir.1989). Even if the evidence is "essential to and determinative of the outcome of the case," no due process violation occurs absent a showing of bad faith. Illinois v. Fisher, 540 U.S. 544, 547-549, 124 S.Ct. 1200, 157 L.Ed.2d 1060 (2004). Contrary to Atkins' assertion, the potential exculpatory nature of evidence must be measured at the time the evidence was allegedly destroyed if Youngblood' s "bad faith" requirement is to have any meaning at all. Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 56, 109 S.Ct. 333 n* ("The presence or absence of bad faith by the police for purposes of the Due Process Clause must necessarily turn on the police's knowledge of the exculpatory value of the evidence at the time it was lost or destroyed.").
Atkins fails to provide evidence of bad faith on Hall's part. Even assuming pubic hairs were included in the evidence turned over to the DOJ for testing, Atkins still has not shown that Hall intentionally misplaced this evidence.
II
Miller is not entitled to qualified immunity as to the fabrication of evidence and Brady claims. See, e.g., Devereaux, 263 F.3d at 1074 (explaining the "two-step qualified immunity inquiry"). Devereaux holds that the right not to be subjected to criminal charges on the basis of deliberately fabricated false evidence is "clearly established." Id. at 1074-75. And as for the Brady claim, a police officer in 1988 should have been aware of his obligation to not withhold exculpatory evidence. See, e.g., Blanco, 392 F.3d at 388 (citing precedent holding Brady duty extends to "information within the possession or control of law enforcement personnel"); United States v. Butler, 567 F.2d 885, 891 (9th Cir.1978); see also Manning, 355 F.3d at 1034 (stating that it is "well established that investigators who withhold exculpatory evidence from defendants violate the defendant's constitutional due process right"). In addition, it seems sufficiently obvious that "common sense" would instruct a police officer to not withhold exculpatory evidence. See Devereaux, 263 F.3d at 1075 ("[A] right can be clearly established on the basis of common sense." (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)).
Because Atkins has not sufficiently demonstrated a constitutional violation by Hall, we do not address qualified or absolute immunity on Hall's behalf. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001).
III
Finally, Atkins challenges summary judgment in favor of Riverside County on the claim of failure to train or supervise. BB 50 Besides the conduct involving the allegedly fabricated police report, Atkins has not provided sufficient evidence to support
Page 508.
that a county employee committed a constitutional violation, foreclosing a Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), claim of county liability. See Quintanilla v. City of Dewey, 84 F.3d 353, 355 (9th Cir.1996).
Even Miller's alleged fabrication of evidence and Brady violations do not create a basis for county liability. There is no indication that the County needed to train officers to not lie on a police report, or to suppress a lie once told. Atkins has not explained how a failure to train or supervise on Brady obligations was the "moving force" behind Miller's alleged fabrication and concealment. See City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989); Gibson v. County of Washoe, 290 F.3d 1175, 1194 (9th Cir.2002).
IV
We reverse the district court's summary judgment in favor of Miller on the allegations of a Brady violation and fabrication of evidence. We affirm summary judgment against Atkins as to all other claims.
REVERSED in part; AFFIRMED in part.
A quite different case arises when a defendant knows of the alleged false information. We agree with out-of-circuit precedent that holds in such situations a Brady claim is not cognizable because there is no suppression of evidence. See Gauger v. Hendle, 349 F.3d 354, 360 (7th Cir.2003) (No Brady duty of disclosure where defendant "knew what he had said in the interrogation"); see also Manning, 355 F.3d at 1032 (explaining Gauger ).