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ruling that the assertion that the plaintiff had "physically threatened" people who disagree with him is sufficiently factual to be susceptible of being proved true or false
Summary of this case from Kelley v. New York Life Insurance Annuity Corp.Opinion
No. 97CA1052
November 18, 1998 As Modified on Denial of Rehearing, December 24, 1998
Quinn, J., would GRANT.
Appeal from the District Court of Jefferson County, Honorable William P. DeMoulin, Judge No. 96CV2605
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
James P. Rouse, Englewood, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Gene R. Nichol, Sr., University of Colorado Law School, Boulder, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee Mike Palmer.
Powers Phillips, P.C., Richard W. Daily, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee Steve Burton.
OPINION PREVIOUSLY ANNOUNCED AS NON-PUBLISHED ON NOVEMBER 18, 1998, IS NOW SELECTED FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION
In this action for defamation, plaintiff, Barry K. Arrington, appeals from the summary judgment entered in favor of defendants, Mike Palmer and Steve Burton. We affirm.
In the fall of 1996, plaintiff was a Republican Party candidate for Colorado House District 27. In the written document that is the subject of this litigation, defendants claimed to be Republican Party activists who "disagree with many of the positions taken by [plaintiff] and who do not like his style of campaigning."
According to plaintiff's complaint, defendants prepared and distributed approximately 9,000 postcards, which utilized the Republican Party logo and which were addressed to "Fellow Republicans." These postcards contained negative statements concerning both plaintiff and two other Republican Party candidates running for different offices. The postcard took the following form:
FELLOW REPUBLICANS
Citizenship is more than a Name Citizenship is more than a Political Party Citizenship is about Good Government
[A Republican candidate for state senate] voted against the interests of Arvada, against a community college for Arvada, and as a matter of fact he repeatedly voted against public education in general! Days after his vote against Arvada's Community College, his campaign manager announced that she was close to securing land for a Charter School — the very same land that the College wanted to build on! (original emphasis)
[Another candidate for the state house] has consistently embarrassed himself and the community with his comments. His latest remark in the Washington Post would put women's rights back in the dark ages. And who can forget his "Canned Kansas Prayer" that he gave on the house floor and which offended most of those in attendance. He claimed that the prayer was his own, between him and his god. However, days later he admitted that he lied; his prayer had originated in Kansas. If he will lie about a prayer — what else will he lie about? (original emphasis)
Perpetual candidate BARRY ARINGTON [sic], who in the past bullied and physically threatened those who disagreed with him, and who causes controversy whenever he speaks, is running again — this time for House District 27. (original emphasis)
Put common sense back in government. Vote against these men and cast your vote for [their Democratic opponents].
Plaintiff brought this action claiming that the statement about him was defamatory per se because it accused him of committing the crimes of harassment and/or menacing. Plaintiff further alleged that defendants knew or should have known that the statement about him was "without foundation in fact" and that defendants acted "intentionally, wantonly, and with actual malice."
Defendants responded to the complaint by filing a motion to dismiss. In that motion, defendants did not dispute the allegation that their statement was false. Instead, defendants argued that the statement was not defamatory and was constitutionally protected speech.
The trial court treated the motion to dismiss as a motion for summary judgment. After concluding that the statement was not defamatory and that it was protected by the "qualified privilege of fair comment," the trial court dismissed plaintiff's complaint. Although our analysis differs somewhat from that used by the trial court, we agree with its ultimate conclusion that the statement was protected.
I.
Plaintiff first contends that the trial court erred in determining that the statement was not defamatory. We agree.
A statement is defamatory if it tends to so harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him. Burns v. McGraw-Hill Broadcasting Co., Inc., 659 P.2d 1351 (Colo. 1983); Restatement (Second) of Torts 559 (1977).
To be defamatory, the statement need only prejudice the plaintiff in the eyes of a substantial and respectable minority of the community. Burns v. McGraw-Hill Broadcasting Co., Inc., supra; Restatement (Second) of Torts 559 comment e (1977).
A statement may be considered defamatory per se if it is specifically directed at the person claiming injury and if, on its face and without extrinsic proof, it is unmistakably recognized as injurious. Lininger v. Knight, 123 Colo. 213, 226 P.2d 809 (1951).
A statement is defamatory per se if it imputes a criminal offense. See Walker v. Associated Press, 160 Colo. 361, 417 P.2d 486 (1966); see also Keohane v. Wilkerson, 859 P.2d 291 (Colo.App. 1993), aff'd sub nom. Keohane v. Stewart, 882 P.2d 1293 (Colo. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1127, 115 S.Ct. 936, 130 L.Ed.2d 882 (1995) (historically a statement is defamatory per se if it imputes a criminal offense).
To determine whether a statement is defamatory per se, the court must examine the statement alone, without the aid of inducements, colloquialisms, innuendoes, or explanatory circumstances. Keohane v. Wilkerson, supra.
Here, the statement at issue was that plaintiff had "physically threatened" people who disagreed with him. We agree with plaintiff that this statement would reasonably be interpreted as stating that plaintiff had threatened to use physical force upon such persons. See Burns v. McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Inc., supra (finding that language is defamatory based on the common meaning of words utilized). Hence, we also agree that it imputed the commission of a criminal offense to plaintiff. See 18-3-206, C.R.S. 1998 (criminal menacing); and 18-9-111, C.R.S. 1998 (criminal harassment).
As an initial matter, therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred in determining that the statement at issue was not defamatory. See Gomba v. McLaughlin, 180 Colo. 232, 504 P.2d 337 (1972) (defendant entitled to assert truth as defense to per se defamatory statement that plaintiff had "assaulted" another individual).
II.
We do not agree, however, that the trial court erred in concluding that the statement was constitutionally protected.
In the interest of ensuring uninhibited, robust, and wide-open debate on matters of public concern, courts have recognized that full constitutional protection should be given to a statement of opinion relating to matters of public concern, even if, on its face, that statement contains a false factual assertion, but cannot reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts about an individual. See Keohane v. Stewart, supra, relying upon Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 110 S.Ct. 2695, 111 L.Ed.2d 1 (1990).
In Keohane v. Stewart, supra, the supreme court established a two-part inquiry to determine whether a statement is protected. The first inquiry is whether the statement is sufficiently factual to be susceptible of being proved true or false. The second inquiry is whether a reasonable person would conclude that the assertion is one of fact. The factors relevant to the second inquiry are: (1) how the assertion is phrased; (2) the context of the entire statement; and (3) the circumstances surrounding the assertion, including the medium through which the information is disseminated and the audience to whom the statement is directed.
Whether an allegedly defamatory statement is constitutionally privileged is a question of law which, on appeal, is reviewed de novo. NBC Subsidiary (KCNC-TV), Inc. v. Living Will Center, 879 P.2d 6 (Colo. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1015, 115 S.Ct. 1355, 131 L.Ed.2d 214 (1995); see also Sall v. Barber, 782 P.2d 1216 (Colo.App. 1989).
In Keohane v. Stewart, supra, the supreme court considered whether two letters written by a citizen and published under an alias in the editorial section of a local newspaper were privileged. The first letter alleged that a conspiracy had existed between the plaintiff, who was a district judge, expert witnesses, and the defense to "let off" a defendant doctor in a criminal trial over which the plaintiff had presided. The second letter described a hypothetical situation similar to the facts involved in the proceedings over which the plaintiff had presided and stated that a judge, in agreeing to find a way out of a defendant's dilemma, is in a position "to clean up" financially, if that judge were to agree to accept money and a new home out of state in exchange for leniency.
The supreme court concluded that, with respect to the first prong of the Keohane inquiry, both statements contained verifiable facts or factual implications about the plaintiff. However, it also concluded that neither letter could reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts about the plaintiff.
In reaching this conclusion, the court considered several factors, including where the letters had appeared (the editorial section of a local newspaper); that they had used "imaginative expression," such as "sickie," "terrorists," "sleaze," and "scum," which pejorative terminology was indicative of an expression of anger — a signal that the words were not to be taken literally; the circumstances and social context in which the letters had appeared, which included well-publicized past incidents of scandal in the local medical and legal professions; the use in both letters of words connoting suspicions and conjecture, rather than statements of fact; and the fact that neither letter suggested that the author was relying upon any facts not known to the public.
Applying the tests used in Keohane v. Stewart, supra, to the facts of this case, we initially note that the assertion that plaintiff had "physically threatened" people who disagree with him is sufficiently factual to be susceptible of being proved true or false. Thus, the statement satisfies the first element of the two-part Keohane test.
However, we also conclude that the statements made, when viewed in the context of the postcard as a whole, cannot reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts about the plaintiff.
First, the postcard contains speculative and conjectural language ("If he will lie about a prayer — what else will he lie about?").
Second, like the editorial letters in Keohane, the postcard is replete with "imaginative expression" and "rhetorical hyperbole." Defendants expressed their views using capital letters, emphasized type, and exclamation points. The postcard also contains gross over generalization ("His latest remark in the Washington Post would put women's rights back in the dark ages," "consistently embarrassed himself," "perpetual candidate," "causes controversy wherever he speaks") and colorful, exaggerated terms ("Canned Kansas Prayer" and "bullied and physically threatened"). Hence, the overall tone of the postcard signals that the accusations contained in it should not be taken literally.
Perhaps most importantly, however, is the political context in which this postcard was presented. The Supreme Court and this court have recognized that allegations of defamation of political candidates and public officials must be considered against the backdrop of a "profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open." Lane v. Arkansas Valley Publishing Co., 675 P.2d 747, 750 (Colo.App. 1983). When a candidate for office enters the political arena, he "must expect that the debate will sometimes be rough and personal" and cannot "'cry Foul!' when an opponent . . . attempts to demonstrate that he or she lacks 'sterling integrity.'" Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657, 687, 109 S.Ct. 2678, 2695, 105 L.Ed.2d 562, 588 (1989).
There is, of course, no wholesale privilege for defamatory statements made within a political context, and we do not suggest that reasonable people will always conclude that every statement made in the political arena is not an assertion of fact. Rather, we determine only that statements made in the midst of political debate must be considered within the usual and ordinary climate in which political candidates operate, which is "often composed of equal parts of bombast, hyperbole, and billingsgate." Desert Sun Publishing Co. v. Superior Court, 97 Cal.App.3d. 49, 53, 158 Cal.Rptr. 519, 522 (1979); see also Perruccio v. Arseneault, 7 Conn. App. 389, 508 A.2d 831 (1986) (while alleged defamatory statements made during labor or political controversies are not immunized from civil liability, they are gauged by the conventional give-and-take common to such disputes); Lee v. Metropolitan Airport Commission, 428 N.W.2d 815 (Minn.App. 1988) (political context or arena in which statement was made one of four factors considered in determining whether a statement is constitutionally protected); Fletcher v. San Jose Mercury News, 216 Cal.App.3d 172, 191, 264 Cal.Rptr. 699, 709 (1989) (in determining that statements made to newspaper accusing counsel member of unethical conduct were political rhetoric and hyperbole, court noted that "[o]ur political history reeks of unfair, intemperate, scurrilous and irresponsible charges against those seeking political office").
Here, as with the letters in Keohane v. Stewart, supra, the postcard was presented through a traditional forum for debate, a political flyer. Under these circumstances, a reasonable person would realize that such communications are the type of critical commentary typically filled with political innuendo and should not be taken at face value or viewed as a statement of fact. See also Desert Sun Publishing Co. v. Superior Court, supra (letter printed in newspaper written by supporter of candidate for election to hospital board of directors which contained negative statements about opposing candidate distasteful but not actionable as part of the usual and ordinary kind of political rhetoric).
Accordingly, we conclude that the statements in the postcard cannot reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts about an individual. Hence, we find that the statements are constitutionally privileged.
In light of the foregoing conclusions, reached without consideration of information outside plaintiff's complaint, we need not address plaintiff's remaining contentions.
The judgment is affirmed.
JUDGE NEY concurs.
JUSTICE QUINN dissents.