Opinion
2014-11-20
In the Matter of the Claim of Samantha M. ARMISON, Respondent. Gannett Company, Inc., Appellant. Commissioner of Labor, Respondent. (Claim No. 1.) In the Matter of the Claim of Timothy P. Miller, Respondent. Gannett Company, Inc., Appellant. Commissioner of Labor, Respondent. (Claim No. 2.) In the Matter of the Claim of Leslie S. Luther, Respondent. Gannett Company, Inc., Appellant. Commissioner of Labor, Respondent. (Claim No. 3.) In the Matter of the Claim of Theron V. Wiggins, Respondent. Gannett Company, Inc., Appellant. Commissioner of Labor, Respondent. (Claim No. 4.) In the Matter of the Claim of Martin J. Redder, Respondent. Gannett Company, Inc., on Behalf of Gannett Satellite Information Network, Inc., Appellant. Commissioner of Labor, Respondent. (Claim No. 5.) In the Matter of the Claim of Jonathan R. Morris, Respondent. Gannett Company, Inc., Appellant. Commissioner of Labor, Respondent. (Claim No. 6.).
Zinser Law Firm, Nashville, Tennessee (L. Michael Zinser, pro hac vice) and Woods, Oviatt, Gillman, LLP, Rochester (Andrew A. Ryan of counsel), for appellant. James W. Cooper, Warrensburg, for Samantha M. Armison and others, respondents.
Zinser Law Firm, Nashville, Tennessee (L. Michael Zinser, pro hac vice) and Woods, Oviatt, Gillman, LLP, Rochester (Andrew A. Ryan of counsel), for appellant. James W. Cooper, Warrensburg, for Samantha M. Armison and others, respondents.
Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, New York City (Mary Hughes of counsel), for Commissioner of Labor, respondent.
Satterlee Stephens Burke & Burke, LLP, New York City (Mark A. Fowler of counsel), for New York News Publishers Association, amicus curiae.
Before: STEIN, J.P., GARRY, ROSE, LYNCH and DEVINE, JJ.
DEVINE, J.
Appeals from 12 decisions of the Unemployment Insurance Appeal Board, filed January 4, 2013, which ruled that claimants were entitled to receive unemployment insurance benefits.
These six claimants contracted with Gannett Company, Inc. and Gannett Satellite Information Network, Inc. (hereinafter collectively referred to as Gannett) to deliver newspapers and other publications. After the Commissioner of Labor deemed claimants to be employees and therefore eligible to receive unemployment insurance benefits, Gannett objected and requested a hearing on the determination. The Administrative Law Judge held a combined hearing and, as is pertinent here, sustained the initial determination as to four of the claimants, continued in effect the initial determination as to another claimant and overruled the initial determination as to the final claimant. Upon appeals by Gannett and the Commissioner of Labor, the Unemployment Insurance Appeal Board, following a combined hearing, found claimants and all similarly situated persons to be employees. Gannett now appeals to this Court.
Gannett insists that claimants were independent contractors and that the Board's decision was not supported by substantial evidence and was arbitrary and capricious. Whether an employer-employee relationship exists “is a factual determination for the Board, and its decision will be upheld if supported by substantial evidence” (Matter of John Lack Assoc., LLC [ Commissioner of Labor ], 112 A.D.3d 1042, 1043, 977 N.Y.S.2d 760 [2013]; see Matter of Concourse Ophthalmology Assoc. [ Roberts ], 60 N.Y.2d 734, 736, 469 N.Y.S.2d 78, 456 N.E.2d 1201 [1983]; Matter of Wright [ Central Transp., Inc.—Commissioner of Labor, 58 A.D.3d 988, 989, 871 N.Y.S.2d 459 [2009], lv. dismissed12 N.Y.3d 843, 881 N.Y.S.2d 16, 908 N.E.2d 924 [2009] ). “While no single factor is determinative, control over the results produced or the means used to achieve those results are pertinent considerations, with the latter being more important” (Matter of Automotive Serv. Sys., Inc. [ Commissioner of Labor ], 56 A.D.3d 854, 855, 867 N.Y.S.2d 232 [2008] [citations omitted]; see Matter of John Lack Assoc., LLC [ Commissioner of Labor ], 112 A.D.3d at 1043, 977 N.Y.S.2d 760). Here, while there is evidence to support a contrary outcome ( see Matter of Interlandi [ Cremosa Foods Co., LLC—Commissioner of Labor ], 70 A.D.3d 1150, 1151, 895 N.Y.S.2d 226 [2010] ), we find that the record contains substantial proof to support the Board's finding that Gannett exercised control over claimants' work. Gannett assigned claimants specific routes within predetermined delivery areas, required proof of a driver's license and vehicle insurance where a vehicle was used to make deliveries and, while claimants were permitted to use a substitute carrier to fulfill delivery duties, they were required by contract to provide Gannett with proof that the substitute had a driver's license and insurance if a vehicle would be used to complete deliveries. Additional contractual provisions included, among other things, requirements that claimants remove unsold publications from newspaper racks, ensure that racks were properly maintained, reserve publications of vacationing customers and create and maintain accurate circulation records that could be turned over, upon notice, to Gannett. Further, Gannett controlled other aspects of claimants' activities, including directives to not insert or attach “foreign matter on, into or with copies of any publication, nor insert copies of any publication into or with copies of any other publication” without receiving Gannett's approval. Notwithstanding the existence of evidence in the record that could weigh in favor of a finding that claimants were independent contractors, including that the operating agreements expressly designated claimants as independent contractors, in light of the indicia of control that Gannett had over claimants, we find that substantial evidence supports the Board's decisions in these matters ( see Matter of O'Connor [ 2020 Powervision, Ltd.-Commissioner of Labor ], 67 A.D.3d 1302, 1303, 890 N.Y.S.2d 663 [2009]; Matter of Aubrey [ NGT Lib., Inc.-Commissioner of Labor ], 8 A.D.3d 803, 804–805, 779 N.Y.S.2d 595 [2004] ).
Finally, we consider Gannett's claim that the Board failed to acknowledge and apply Department of Labor guidelines for determining the existence of an employer-employee relationship within the newspaper industry, thereby rendering the underlying determinations arbitrary and capricious. Although the Board's written decisions do not specifically refer to Department guidelines, we conclude that the instant decisions are wholly consistent with such guidelines and their express adoption of well-established “common law tests of master and servant.” Importantly, the guidelines emphasize that an individual is considered an independent contractor “only when free from control and direction in the performance of services.” In its consideration of the nature of claimants' relationship to Gannett, the Board's decisions reflect its consideration of the Department guidelines and employer-employee principles upon which they were based.
The Department guidelines caution employers to seek a formal determination of the status of those persons providing services for purposes of unemployment insurance, which Gannett failed to do.
The remaining contentions not addressed herein have been considered and found to be unavailing.
ORDERED that the decisions are affirmed, without costs.
STEIN, J.P., GARRY, ROSE and LYNCH, JJ., concur.