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finding personal jurisdiction over foreign pornography website owner based on copious evidence that the owner targeted marketing and sales to U.S. customers
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No. CV-16-01269-PHX-DGC
10-13-2016
AMA Multimedia LLC, Plaintiff, v. Sagan Limited, et al., Defendants.
ORDER
Plaintiff AMA Multimedia, LLC, a producer of pornographic material, asserts copyright infringement claims against several entities and one individual associated with the website Porn.com: Sagan, Limited; Cyberweb, LTD; Netmedia Services, Inc.; GLP 5, Inc.; and David Koonar. Defendant Sagan, a Seychelles corporation, moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), or, in the alternative, to stay these proceedings pending resolution of an action currently before the Supreme Court of Barbados. Doc. 42. The parties' request for oral argument is denied because the issues have been fully briefed and oral argument will not aid in the Court's decision. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b); Partridge v. Reich, 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998). The Court will deny both the stay request and the motion to dismiss.
I. Background.
Porn.com is a video streaming website that generates revenue through its Content Partnership Program and advertising banners. Doc. 16, ¶¶ 56-57. AMA asserts Defendants Sagan, Cyberweb, Netmedia, and David Koonar are each owners and/or operators of Porn.com and GLP. Doc. 16, ¶¶ 2-3, 46-47. Defendants have claimed that Cyberweb is the owner/operator of Porn.com (Doc. 27-3 at 3, ¶ 15), but Sagan is listed as an owner/operator by both Porn.com's terms of service and a designation form filed with the U.S. Copyright Office (Doc. 51-1 at 6-9). Sagan does not contest the validity of these documents, and states only that "Sagan does not own any domain names or websites or contact with any entity located in Arizona to provide services, including hosting and the like." Doc. 42-1 at 12; Doc. 60 at 8.
In September 2012, AMA joined Porn.com's Content Partnership Program by entering into a content partner revenue sharing agreement ("CPRA") with GIM Corp. ("GIM"). Doc. 33 at 6; see also Doc. 52 at 2 (incorporating Doc. 33 by reference). AMA agreed to the CPRA by completing an automated process at Paidperview.com. Id. There was no direct contact between AMA and any of the Defendants. Id. The CPRA granted GIM a license to use content provided by AMA on websites whose advertisements are controlled by Traffic Force. Id. The CPRA dictated the manner and form in which AMA would provide content, and AMA granted GIM a license only for content provided under the CPRA. Id.
In November 2015, AMA became aware that Porn.com had displayed 64 of AMA's copyright registered works over 110 separate Porn.com affiliated URLs. Doc. 16 at ¶ 78. In December 2015, AMA provided Defendants' counsel with a draft complaint and settlement offer regarding the alleged infringement. Doc. 33 at 2. According to AMA, over the next four months "Defendants provided a string of delays and misrepresentations about the matters and settlement negotiations." Id. In April 2016, AMA presented Defendants with an amended complaint and a "deadline to choose between accepting a settlement offer or hav[ing] the case filed in U.S. District Court, for the District of Arizona." Id. at 3. Defendants requested an extension until April 28, 2016 to consider the settlement offer, and AMA agreed. Id.
On April 27, 2016, Cyberweb, Netmedia, Sagan, GLP, GIM, and David Koonar (collectively, "Porn.com Entities") filed a complaint against AMA and Adam Silverman in the Supreme Court of Barbados. Doc. 27-3 at 17-23. The Porn.com Entities sought (1) injunctive relief to restrain anticipatory breach of the CPRA, (2) a declaration that any disputes related to the CPRA are governed by Barbados law and must be adjudicated in Barbados, (3) a declaration that the Porn.com Entities are entitled to rely on their rights under the CPRA, (4) a declaration that the Porn.com Entities are entitled to publicize and distribute materials provided to them by AMA and Silverman, and (5) relief for prior breaches of the CPRA, including damages. Id. at 17-18.
AMA filed this action the next day, April 28, 2016. Defendant Sagan now moves to dismiss the claims against it for lack of personal jurisdiction, or, in the alternative, to stay these proceedings pending completion of the Barbados action. Docs. 42, 61, 62.
II. Personal Jurisdiction.
A. Legal Standard.
"When a defendant moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the court has jurisdiction over the defendant." Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 1154 (9th Cir. 2006). "Where, as here, the defendant's motion is based on written materials rather than an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts to withstand the motion to dismiss." Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1223 (9th Cir. 2011). "The plaintiff cannot 'simply rest on the bare allegations of its complaint,' but uncontroverted allegations in the complaint must be taken as true." Id. (quoting Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800 (9th Cir. 2004). The Court may not assume the truth of allegations in a pleading that are contradicted by an affidavit, but factual disputes are resolved in Plaintiff's favor. Id.
B. Personal Jurisdiction over Sagan.
AMA argues that Sagan is subject to personal jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k)(2). Doc. 51 at 4-5. Rule 4(k)(2) provides that serving a summons or filing a waiver of service establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant if (1) the claim arises under federal law, (2) "the defendant is not subject to jurisdiction in any state's courts of general jurisdiction," and (3) exercising jurisdiction is consistent with the United States Constitution. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2).
The first factor is satisfied in this case because AMA asserts claims of copyright infringement under federal law. The second factor is satisfied if the defendant "does not concede to jurisdiction in another state." Holland Am. Line Inc. v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 450, 461 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Sagan does not make this concession.
Analysis under the third factor - the due process analysis - "is nearly identical to traditional personal jurisdiction analysis with one significant difference: rather than considering contacts between the [defendant] and the forum state, we consider contacts with the nation as a whole." Id. at 462. The question, then, is whether Sagan has sufficient minimum contacts with the United States so that maintenance of the suit here does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Int'l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945). A court must consider whether (1) the defendant purposely directed conduct at the forum, (2) the claim arises out of the defendant's forum-related activities, and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial justice. Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1227-28 (9th Cir. 2011).
Personal jurisdiction can be established by showing that a forum has either general or specific jurisdiction over a defendant. Goodyear Dunlap Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924-25 (2011). It seems that general jurisdiction would never apply in the context of Rule 4(k)(2), because if a defendant had the continuous and systematic presence required for general jurisdiction, it would be subject to suit in the state where it has such presence and Rule 4(k)(2) would therefore not apply.
Sagan asserts that it has no contacts of any kind with either the United States or Arizona. Doc. 42-1 at 5. AMA alleges in its complaint, however, that Sagan is an owner/operator of Porn.com, and AMA provides documentation in support of its claim. Doc. 16, ¶¶ 2-3; Doc. 51-1 at 6-9 (U.S. Copyright Office Designation form and Porn.com terms of service showing Sagan as the owner/operator of Porn.com). In its reply, Sagan does not address, much less contest, AMA's allegation or supporting documentation. See Doc. 60. Accordingly, the Court will accept as true that Sagan is an owner/operator of Porn.com. Mavrix, 647 F.3d at 1223 ("[U]ncontroverted allegations in the complaint must be taken as true . . . [and] we resolve factual disputes in the plaintiff's favor.").
Sagan and the other Defendants do not claim that Porn.com is a separate corporate entity. It appears to be a website. Thus, Sagan is not protected from the jurisdiction-establishing actions of Porn.com by a corporate shield, and the Court need not consider, as it has in other orders in this case, whether Sagan is an alter ego of Porn.com. As an owner/operator of the website, Sagan is responsible for its activities.
1. Purposeful Direction.
The first required element of specific jurisdiction, "purposeful direction," is satisfied when a defendant (1) commits an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum, (3) which causes foreseeable harm in the forum. Id. This test is sometimes referred to as the "effects test." Id. The effects test does not "stand for the broad proposition that a foreign act with foreseeable effects in the forum state always gives rise to specific jurisdiction." Wash. Shoe Co. v. A-Z Sporting Goods Inc., 704 F.3d 668, 675 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Nor does the effects test mean that specific jurisdiction may be based solely on a defendant's knowledge that the subject of his tortious activity resides in a particular state. See Walden, 134 S.Ct. at 1125. The Court must always focus on the "'relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation' [which] is the essential foundation of in personam jurisdiction." Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984) (quoting Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 204 (1977)). "The proper question is not where the plaintiff experienced a particular injury or effect but whether the defendant's conduct connects him to the forum in a meaningful way." Walden, 134 S.Ct. at 1125.
a. Intentional Act.
AMA must show that Sagan committed an "intentional act." Under the effects test, this means "an intent to perform an actual, physical act in the real world, rather than an intent to accomplish a result or consequence of that act." Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 806. AMA alleges that the operator of Porn.com engaged in the "improper collection and distribution of [AMA's] copyrighted works" and "actively uploaded and/or distributed pirated copyrighted files and/or embedded code, enabling users of Porn.com to view copyrighted videos and images for free." Doc. 16, 114, 116. Sagan does not deny these allegations in either its motion or its reply. See Docs. 42, 60. Instead, Sagan states that "none of the above mentioned allegations specifically address Sagan, nor are they applicable to the business activities of Sagan." Doc. 42-1 at 10. But AMA's allegations specifically address the conduct of Porn.com's operator, and Sagan, as mentioned above, is an owner/operator of Porn.com. Accordingly, the Court finds that Sagan engaged in an intentional act.
b. Expressly Aimed at the Forum.
AMA must make a prima facie showing that the conduct of Sagan, as an operator of Porn.com, is expressly aimed at the forum. In this instance, under a Rule 4(k)(2) analysis, the forum in question is the United States as a whole. See Holland, 485 F.3d at 461.
Courts "have struggled with the question whether tortious conduct on a nationally accessible website is expressly aimed at any, or all, of the forums in which the website can be viewed." Mavrix, 647 F.3d at 1229. "[M]aintenance of a passive website alone cannot satisfy the express aiming prong." Id. However, "operating a passive website in conjunction with 'something more' - conduct directly targeting the forum - is sufficient." Id. In determining whether 'something more' exists, the Ninth Circuit considers a number of factors, including the "interactivity of the defendant's website," "the geographic scope of the defendant's commercial ambitions," and "whether the defendant 'individually targeted' a plaintiff known to be a forum resident." Id.
A defendant expressly aims at a forum when he engages in conduct to exploit the forum market for commercial gain. See Mavrix, 647 F.3d at 1229. In Mavrix, the Ninth Circuit conducted a purposeful direction analysis to evaluate whether the owner/operator of a celebrity website established sufficient contacts with the state of California when it published copyrighted celebrity photos online. Id. at 1228-1232. The court found that the websites owner/operator had engaged in express aiming at California. Id. The court considered several facts, including that the website sold advertising space to third-party advertisers who targeted California and that a substantial number of hits to the website came from California. Id. The "most salient" fact in favor of express aiming was "that [the website] featured [the plaintiff's] copyrighted photos as part of its exploitation of the California market for its own commercial gain." Id. at 1230.
Like the website operator in Mavrix, whose expressly-aimed conduct included making money based on advertising and website traffic from users in California, Sagan earns revenue based on advertising and website traffic in the United States. In fact, AMA alleges that in the past 6 months, United States residents were the largest source of Porn.com users, comprising 23.26% of Porn.com's 52.2 million viewers. Doc. 51 at 8. German residents made up the second largest source at 7.99% of users. Id. Additionally, Porn.com is hosted by a Massachusetts company, Reflected Networks, and utilizes a Content Delivery Network ("CDN") comprised of severs located in Arizona and throughout the United States. Id. ("The primary purpose of a U.S. CDN is significant" because "the CDN provides faster delivery of web site content to viewers local to the CDN" by "locating the servers with the content as geographically close to the end user as possible."). Porn.com also claims relationships with at least eleven United States content producers through its Content Partnership Program, including three Arizona-based companies - Oppenheit, LLC, XFC, Inc., and Nomad Media, Inc. Id.; Doc. 32-5 at 6, ¶ 28 (declaration of Jason Tucker). Furthermore, Porn.com contracts with United States advertisers to reach United States users with geo-targeted advertisements. Id. Lastly, Porn.com has a Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA") agent based in the United States, seeking protection under United States Laws. Id.; Doc. 32-5 at 6, ¶ 29.
Sagan tries to distinguish this case from Mavrix, noting that in Mavrix (1) "the website's server was located in California, (2) a California company maintained the website, and (3) the allegedly infringing material specifically attracted a significant number of California residents to the website." Doc. 60 at 9. The Court is not persuaded. AMA has alleged that Porn.com's servers are hosted in the United States (Doc. 51 at 8), that Porn.com contracts directly and through brokers with United States advertisers who tailor their ads to the end user's geographic location in the United States (Doc. 16, ¶ 15), and that the United States market makes up a substantial portion of Porn.com's traffic (Doc. 51 at 8; Doc. 32-5 at 6, ¶ 28). These contacts are sufficient to establish express aiming at the United States.
Sagan further argues that the recent Supreme Court decision in Walden v. Fiore precludes the Court's consideration of Porn.com's contacts with the United States created through third parties, such as advertisers or corporate partners. Doc. 60 at 5-6. As an initial matter, it is important to note that Walden did not deal with the question of how contacts through the internet affect minimum contacts analysis. Walden, 134 S. Ct. at 1125 n.9. Even still, Walden is not helpful to Sagan.
In Walden, two airline passengers brought suit against a Georgia police officer, alleging that the officer violated their Fourth Amendment rights by seizing cash they were carrying while traveling through Georgia on their way home to Nevada. Id. at 1119-20. After seizing the cash, the officer forwarded it to the United States Attorney's Office in Georgia, and completed an affidavit to show why he had probable cause for the seizure. Id. The money was eventually returned to the plaintiffs, and they sued the officer in Nevada, seeking damages for his allegedly wrongful conduct in Georgia. Id. at 1120. The Supreme Court held that Nevada lacked personal jurisdiction because the officer did not have sufficient minimum contacts with the forum. Id. at 1124. The plaintiffs argued that sufficient contacts could be established by the fact that plaintiffs' Nevada attorney had contacted the officer in Georgia. Id. at 1125. The Court rejected this assertion, stating that the "unilateral activity" of a third party "cannot satisfy the requirement of contact with the forum state," and "it is the defendant, not the plaintiff or third parties, who must create contacts with the forum State." Id.
AMA does not establish Porn.com's contacts with the United States through unilateral actions of third parties. AMA instead relies, in part, on contracts made by Porn.com with third parties, such as advertisers and content providers, to directly target United States users. These contacts are rightly viewed as actions by Porn.com, not unilateral actions of the advertisers and content providers.
Unlike the officer in Walden, whose only conduct was his interaction with the plaintiffs in Georgia, Porn.com's conduct expressly aims at the United States. Taking AMA's allegations as true, Porn.com has contracted with at least eleven United States partners through the Content Partnership Program (Doc. 32-5 at 6, ¶ 28), Porn.com has contracted with United States advertisers to engage in geo-targeted advertising aimed at United States users (Doc. 16, ¶ 15), Porn.com uses a United States hosting company and CDNs to provide faster service to Unites States users (Doc. 51 at 8), Porn.com has a United States DMCA agent (id.), and Porn.com's largest user block consists of - not surprisingly in light of these other actions - United States users (id.). When considered as a whole, these actions show that Porn.com "anticipated, desired and achieved a substantial [United States] viewer base" with the intent of commercial gain. Mavrix, 647 F.3d at 1230. AMA has satisfied the "express aiming" element of purposeful direction.
c. Harm in the Forum.
AMA must also show that Porn.com knew it was causing harm likely to be suffered in the United States. This "element is satisfied when defendant's intentional act has 'foreseeable effects' in the forum," and can even be established if "the bulk of the harm occurs outside of the forum." Brayton, 606 F.3d at 1131.
AMA is a United States company with its principle place of business in Nevada. Doc. 16, ¶ 28. AMA's primary business model involves providing access to its copyrighted works to paid members of AMA websites. Id., ¶ 30. AMA engages in limited licensing and provides a small sample of promotional materials to affiliates for the purpose of promoting AMA's products. Id. AMA alleges that Porn.com placed at least 64 AMA copyrighted works on more than 100 Porn.com-affiliated URLs. Id., ¶ 78. Sagan concedes that "when the bad act occurred in espace and did not specifically target any user, the harm is deemed to have been suffered where the corporation maintained its principle place of business." Doc. 42-1 at 13 (citing Panavision Int'l, L.P. v. Toeppen, 141 F.3d 1316, 1322 (9th Cir. 1998)). Therefore, "[a]ny alleged harm suffered by AMA was in Nevada." Id.
Given these considerations of intentional action, aimed at the United States, and causing harm in the United States, the Court finds that AMA has made a prima facie showing of purposeful direction under the effects test. See Mavrix, 647 F.3d at 1232.
2. Arising Out Of Defendant's Forum Related Conduct.
A claim arises out of a defendant's forum-related activities if the plaintiff "would not have been injured 'but for'" the defendant's contact directed at the forum. Panavision, 141 F.3d at 1322. The "but for" test "preserves the requirement that there be some nexus between the cause of action and the defendant's activities in the forum." Shute v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 897 F.2d 377, 385 (9th Cir. 1990), overruled on other grounds by 499 U.S. 585; see also Doe v. Am. Nat'l Red Cross, 112 F.3d 1048, 1052 n.7 (9th Cir. 1997) ("Although Shute has been questioned, the 'but for test' remains viable.").
AMA has alleged substantial contacts between Porn.com and the United States, showing that Porn.com anticipated, desired, and achieved a substantial United States viewer base with the intent of commercial gain. Porn.com's alleged infringement of AMA's copyrighted works would serve only to further the purpose of growing United States viewership for commercial gain. What is more, Porn.com specifically targeted AMA's content, knowing AMA was a United States company protected by United States copyright laws, and proceeded to post that content in the United States, where AMA is attempting to make business use of its copyrighted material. The Court concludes that "but for" Porn.com's deliberate business practices, including the many contacts with the United States described above, AMA would not have suffered the copyright violations alleged in the complaint. See Mavrix, 647 F.3d at 1228 (finding a plaintiff's copyright claim to arise out of the defendant's publication of the infringing material on a website accessible to users in the forum); Rio Props., Inc. v. Rio Int'l Interlink, 284 F.3d 1007, 1021 (9th Cir. 2002) (concluding plaintiff's claims arose out of defendant's forum-related activities where defendant's website injured plaintiff in its principle place of business and where defendant specifically competed with plaintiff in the forum by targeting forum consumers.)
3. Reasonableness.
The Court must ensure that the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable - that it comports "with 'fair play and substantial justice.'" Panavision, 141 F.3d at 1322 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476 (1985)). Where a defendant has purposefully directed his activities at forum residents, he must present a compelling case that the presence of some other considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477. Courts consider the following factors: "(1) the extent of a defendant's purposeful interjection; (2) the burden on the defendant in defending in the forum; (3) the extent of conflict with the sovereignty of the defendant's state; (4) the forum state's interest in adjudicating the dispute; (5) the most efficient judicial resolution of the controversy; (6) the importance of the forum to the plaintiff's interest in convenient and effective relief; and (7) the existence of an alternative forum." Rio, 284 F.3d at 1021 (citation omitted). No single factor is dispositive. Id.
First, as discussed above, Porn.com has made substantial interjections into the United States, which is the relevant forum under Rule 4(k)(2). Sagan's only argument on reply is that it has no offices, employees, property, or conduct within the United States. Doc. 60 at 8. But as an owner/operator of Porn.com, Sagan has interjected itself by engaging in contractual relationships with United States companies and advertisers to directly target the United States market for commercial gain. The first factor weighs in favor of reasonableness.
The second factor, at best, is neutral. Sagan argues it is based thousands of miles from the forum, in Seychelles, and that witnesses required for this action are located in Barbados. Id.; Doc. 42-3, ¶ 9. In response, AMA asserts "the relevant employees and witnesses resided in Canada." Doc. 51 at 15. It appears that most of the relevant witnesses will be in Canada. Sagan has not shown that defending against this action is significantly harder than defending against an action in Barbados, where Sagan and other Defendants have sued AMA.
The third factor favors reasonableness. Sagan argues that "the forum of Sagan, Seychelles, has a far more compelling interest in regulating its behavior." Doc. 42-1 at 15. The Court disagrees. Sagan's alleged infringement of AMA material, protected under United States copyright law, arose out of Sagan's substantial contacts directed at the United States for commercial gain. What is more, Sagan has not sued AMA in the Seychelles, but in Barbados. Given the statutory rights at issue in this case and Sagan's own choice of forum, the Court cannot conclude that exercising jurisdiction over this dispute would conflict with the sovereignty of Seychelles.
The fourth factor weighs in favor of reasonableness. The United States has a significant interest in resolving disputes of United States copyright law involving infringement by foreign defendants. Sagan argues that "Arizona has very little interest in adjudicating this dispute" (Doc. 60 at 8), but Arizona's interest is not the proper inquiry under Rule 4(k)(2). See Holland Am. Line Inc., 485 F.3d at 461 ("[T]he due process analysis under Rule 4(k)(2) is nearly identical to traditional personal jurisdiction analysis with one significant difference:" the relevant forum is the entire United States). And if Sagan has sufficient contacts with the United States to satisfy Rule 4(k)(2), it has not suggested a United States forum for adjudicating this matter that has a greater interest than Arizona.
The fifth factor is neutral. Sagan argues that it did not conduct infringing actions in Arizona. Doc. 42-1 at 15. Sagan also argues that the Barbados Action involves an overriding contractual issue. Id. AMA argues that the allegedly infringing videos were served from a CDN located in Arizona. Doc. 51 at 15. The Court is not convinced the contract at issue in the Barbados Action applies to this case (see Doc. 64), and cannot conclude that Barbados would be a more efficient forum.
The sixth factor favors reasonableness. Sagan notes that no party is located in Arizona; AMA argues that Arizona is the location of the CDN servers. Docs. 42-1 at 15, 51 at 15-16. The relevant forum under Rule 4(k)(2), however, is the United States, AMA is located in the United States, and the United States clearly has an interest in convenient and effective relief of disputes concerning its copyright laws.
The seventh factor also weighs in favor of reasonableness. Sagan argues that Barbados is the appropriate forum given the contractual defense Sagan intends to assert. Doc. 42-1 at 15; Doc. 60 at 8-9. AMA contends that the CPRA does not govern the conduct at issue in this case, and that it will be left with no remedy should the Barbados court decide it does not have jurisdiction to address that claim. Doc. 51 at 16. For reasons set forth in a previous order, the Court does not believe that the CPRA governs this action and therefore does not view Barbados as the appropriate forum. Doc. 64.
In sum, Sagan has not presented a compelling case that this Court's exercise of jurisdiction would be unreasonable. See Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477. AMA has satisfied its burden of establishing a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2). Sagan's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction will be denied.
III. Stay.
Sagan's motion to stay is virtually identical to the motion to stay made by Sagan's co-Defendants, Netmedia Services, Inc. and GLP 5, Inc. Compare Doc. 27-1 at 12-16, with Doc. 42-1 at 12-16. The Court will adopt its corresponding analysis for denying the motion to stay. See Doc. 64 at 8-11.
IT IS ORDERED:
1. Sagan's motion to dismiss (Doc. 42) is denied.
2. The motion to stay proceedings pending the outcome of the Barbados action (Doc. 42) is denied.
Dated this 13th day of October, 2016.
/s/_________
David G. Campbell
United States District Judge