Opinion
3:20-cv-00413
11-30-2021
SHAKUR AL-AMIN, Plaintiff, v. STATE OF TENNESSEE, et al., Defendants.
Waverly D. Crenshaw, Jr. Chief Judge
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
ALISTAIR E. NEWBERN UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
On October 7, 2021, the Court ordered pro se and in forma pauperis Plaintiff Shakur Al-Amin to show cause by November 6, 2021, why the Magistrate Judge should not recommend that this action be dismissed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) for Al-Amin's failure to prosecute his claims and under this Court's Local Rule 41.01(b) for his failure to keep the Court informed of his current mailing address. (Doc. No. 78.) Al-Amin has not responded to the Court's order to show cause. Therefore, for the reasons that follow, the Magistrate Judge will recommend that the Court dismiss Al-Amin's complaint without prejudice for failure to prosecute under Rule 41(b) and Local Rule 41.01(a) and for failure to keep the Court informed of a current address under Local Rules 41.01(b).
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Al-Amin initiated this action on May 13, 2020, while detained pretrial at the Davidson County Sheriff's Office (DCSO) by filing a complaint “for damages/injuries and illegal incarceration.” (Doc. No. 1, PageID# 1.) On June 1, 2020, he filed another document that included additional claims. (Doc. No. 3) The Court determined that Al-Amin intended to bring a civil rights action but that his filings did not discernably state his claims and ordered him to file an amended complaint. (Doc. No. 6.) Al-Amin then filed many other documents (Doc. Nos. 7-33), including two filings that the Court construed together as an amended complaint (Doc. Nos. 29, 32). On July 31, 2020, the Court granted Al-Amin's application to proceed in forma pauperis and screened his amended complaint under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A, and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(1). (Doc. Nos. 34, 35.) The Court found that Al-Amin had stated nonfrivolous claims of excessive force against Defendants Officer Katherine Noble and Officer Levi McIntyre in their individual capacities and dismissed all other claims and defendants (Doc. Nos. 34, 35).
The Court entered a scheduling order that required the parties to file any dispositive motions by August 23, 2021, and any responses within twenty-eight days after the dispositive motion is served. (Doc. No. 63.) The Court warned that failure to respond to a dispositive motion in accordance with the scheduling order “may result in the Court finding that the motion is not opposed, taking the facts alleged in the motion as true, and granting the requested relief. This may result in the dismissal of the case.” (Id. at PageID# 412.)
On August 23, 2021, Noble and McIntyre filed a motion for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 68.) Al-Amin was ordered to file a response no later than twenty-eight days after being served with the motion. (Doc. Nos. 63, 75.) Although more than eighty days have passed since Noble and McIntyre filed the motion for summary judgment, the docket shows that Al-Amin has not filed any response in opposition.
On September 27, 2021, the Court issued an order denying several motions filed by Al-Amin. (Doc. No. 76.) The Clerk of Court mailed that order to the address Al-Amin had provided with his complaint, but the order was returned as undeliverable with a note that Al-Amin had been released from the DCSO on September 7, 2021. (Doc. No. 77.) Al-Amin has not notified the Court of a new address.
The Court ordered Al-Amin to show cause by November 6, 2021, why the Magistrate Judge should not recommend that this action be dismissed under Rule 41(b) for his failure to prosecute his claims and under Local Rule 41.01(b) for failure to keep the Court informed of his current mailing address. (Doc. No. 78.) The order warned that failure to comply would likely result in a recommendation that Al-Amin's claims be dismissed for failure to prosecute under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) and Local Rule 41.01. Id. Al-Amin has not filed any response to the show-cause order.
II. Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) “confers on district courts the authority to dismiss an action for failure of a plaintiff to prosecute the claim or to comply with the Rules or any order of the court.” Schafer v. City of Defiance Police Dep't, 529 F.3d 731, 736 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Knoll v. AT&T, 176 F.3d 359, 362-63 (6th Cir. 1999)); see also Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630 (1962) (recognizing “the power of courts, acting on their own initiative, to clear their calendars of cases that have remained dormant because of the inaction or dilatoriness of the parties seeking relief”); Carpenter v. City of Flint, 723 F.3d 700, 704 (6th Cir. 2013) (“It is well settled that a district court has the authority to dismiss sua sponte a lawsuit for failure to prosecute.”). Dismissal for failure to prosecute is a tool for district courts to manage their dockets and avoid unnecessary burdens on opposing parties and the judiciary. See Schafer, 529 F.3d at 736 (quoting Knoll, 176 F.3d at 363). The Sixth Circuit therefore affords district courts “substantial discretion” regarding decisions to dismiss for failure to prosecute. Id.
Courts look to four factors for guidance when determining whether dismissal under defendant has been prejudiced by the plaintiff's conduct; (3) whether the plaintiff was warned that failure to cooperate could lead to dismissal; and (4) the availability and appropriateness of other, less drastic sanctions. Knoll, 176 F.3d at 363 (citing Stough v. Mayville Cmty. Sch., 138 F.3d 612, 615 (6th Cir. 1998)). Under Sixth Circuit precedent, “none of the factors is outcome dispositive, ” but “a case is properly dismissed by the district court where there is a clear record of delay or contumacious conduct.” Id. (citing Carter v. City of Memphis, 636 F.2d 159, 161 (6th Cir. 1980)); see also Muncy v. G.C.R., Inc., 110 Fed.Appx. 552, 555 (6th Cir. 2004) (finding that dismissal with prejudice “is justifiable in any case in which ‘there is a clear record of delay or contumacious conduct on the part of the plaintiff'” (quoting Mulbah v. Detroit Bd. of Educ., 261 F.3d 586, 591 (6th Cir. 2001))). Because dismissal without prejudice is a relatively lenient sanction as compared to dismissal with prejudice, the “controlling standards should be greatly relaxed” for Rule 41(b) dismissals without prejudice where “the dismissed party is ultimately not irrevocably deprived of his [or her] day in court.” Muncy, 110 Fed.Appx. at 556 (citing Nwokocha v. Perry, 3 Fed.Appx. 319, 321 (6th Cir. 2001)).
This Court's Local Rules provide that a pro se party “must keep the Court and opposing parties apprised of the pro se party's current address and other contact information, ” and explain that a pro se party's failure “to timely notify the Court and opposing parties of any change in address may result in dismissal of the action with or without prejudice.” M.D. Tenn. R. 41.01(b) (dismissal for failure of pro se plaintiff to keep court apprised of current address). The Local Rules further provide that “[c]ivil suits that have been pending for an unreasonable period of time without any action having been taken by any party may be summarily dismissed . . . without prejudice to refile or to move the Court to set aside the order of dismissal for just cause.” M.D. Tenn. R. 41.01(a) (dismissal for unreasonable delay). Where, as here, noncompliance with local rules is a ground for dismissal, “the behavior of the noncomplying party [must] rise[] to the level of a failure to prosecute under Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Tetro v. Elliott Popham Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick & GMC Trucks, Inc., 173 F.3d 988, 992 (6th Cir. 1999).
III. Analysis
Dismissal of this action is appropriate under Rule 41(b) because the four relevant factors, considered under the “relaxed” standard for dismissals without prejudice, show a record of delay by Al-Amin.
A. Bad Faith, Willfulness, or Fault
A plaintiff's actions demonstrate bad faith, willfulness, or fault where they “‘display either an intent to thwart judicial proceedings or a reckless disregard for the effect of [plaintiff's] conduct on those proceedings.'” Wu v. T.W. Wang, Inc., 420 F.3d 641, 643 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Mulbah, 261 F.3d at 591)). There is no indication that Al-Amin's failure to respond to the defendants' motion for summary judgment, update his contact information, or otherwise respond to the Court's show-cause order was motivated by bad faith. However, because the Court warned Al-Amin that failure to respond to the motion for summary judgment or the show-cause order or to update his address could result in dismissal (Doc. Nos. 63, 78), these failures are indicative of willfulness or fault for purposes of Rule 41(b) and “tip[ ] the scale in favor of dismissal on the first factor, ” Hatcher v. Dennis, No. 1:17-cv-01042, 2018 WL 1586235, at *1 (W.D. Tenn. Mar. 30, 2018); see also Walker v. Stewart Cty., No. 3:18-CV-00618, 2019 WL 6501549, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 11, 2019), report and recommendation adopted, No. 3:18-CV-00618, 2019 WL 6493912 (M.D. Tenn. Dec. 3, 2019) (finding that plaintiff's failure to respond to motion for summary judgment and the Court's show-cause order and to keep the Court apprised of his current address reflected willfulness and fault for purposes of Rule 41(b)). This factor therefore weighs in favor of
B. Prejudice
The Sixth Circuit has held that “[a] defendant is prejudiced by a plaintiff's dilatory conduct if the defendant is ‘required to waste time, money, and effort in pursuit of cooperation which [the plaintiff] was legally obligated to provide.'” Carpenter, 723 F.3d at 707 (second alteration in original) (quoting Harmon v. CSX Transp., Inc., 110 F.3d 364, 368 (6th Cir. 1997)); see also Schafer, 529 F.3d at 739 (same). Such prejudice typically arises in the discovery context. See, e.g., Harmon, 110 F.3d at 368 (finding prejudice where plaintiff failed to respond to defendant's interrogatories and a related motion to compel); Wright v. City of Germantown, No. 11-02607, 2013 WL 1729105, at *2 (W.D. Tenn. Apr. 22, 2013) (finding prejudice where defendant “expended time and money pursuing [plaintiff's] required initial disclosures and deposition testimony”). Notably, time and effort spent on “typical steps in the early stages of litigation[, ]” such as answering a complaint or filing pretrial motions to advance the defendant's position, are not actions “necessitated by any lack of cooperation” and therefore do not weigh in favor of dismissal for failure to prosecute. Schafer, 529 F.3d at 739. The Sixth Circuit explained in Schafer v. City of Defiance Police Department that “[i]f such efforts . . . [were] alone sufficient to establish prejudice, ” for the purpose of Rule 41(b), “then every defendant who answers a complaint and responds even minimally to a lawsuit would be able to claim prejudice[, ]” a “result [that] would defy common sense.” Id. at 740.
There is no indication that the defendants in this action have spent time or effort on anything other than filings considered “typical steps in the early stages of litigation[, ]” including filing answers to Al-Amin's complaint (Doc. Nos. 60, 61) and a motion for summary judgment (Doc. No. 67). Accordingly, this factor weighs against dismissal.
C. Prior Notice
Whether a party was warned that failure to cooperate could lead to dismissal “is a ‘key consideration'” in the Rule 41(b) analysis. Schafer, 529 F.3d at 740 (quoting Stough, 138 F.3d at 615). The Court expressly warned Al-Amin that failure to respond to the defendants' motion for summary judgment, update his contact information, or otherwise respond to the Court's show cause order could jeopardize his prosecution of this action and may result in a recommendation that his claims be dismissed. (Doc. Nos. 63, 78.) This factor weighs in favor of dismissal.
D. Appropriateness of Other Sanctions
The less-drastic sanction of dismissal without prejudice is available and appropriate here. Dismissal without prejudice balances the Court's interest in “sound judicial case and docket management” with “the public policy interest in the disposition of cases on their merits . . . .” Muncy, 110 Fed.Appx. at 557 n.5; see also Mulbah, 261 F.3d at 590-91. Such a sanction is particularly appropriate in cases of prolonged inactivity and where, as here, the plaintiff appears pro se. See Schafer, 529 F.3d at 737 (noting that courts apply the four-factor test “‘more stringently in cases where the plaintiff's attorney's conduct is responsible for the dismissal'” (quoting Harmon, 110 F.3d at 367)).
IV. Recommendation
Considering the above four factors, the Magistrate Judge RECOMMENDS that this action be DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE under Rule 41(b) and Local Rules 41.01(a) for Al-Amin's failure to prosecute his claims and Local Rule 41.01(b) for Al-Amin's failure to inform the Court of his current mailing address.
Any party has fourteen days after being served with this Report and Recommendation to file specific written objections. Failure to file specific objections within fourteen days of receipt of this report and recommendation can constitute a waiver of appeal of the matters decided. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 155 (1985); Cowherd v. Million, 380 F.3d 909, 912 (6th Cir. 2004). A party who opposes any objections that are filed may file a response within fourteen days after being served with the objections. Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(2).